Bursi F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Nkomo VT, et al. Heart failure and death after myocardial infarction in the community: the emerging role of mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2005;111:295-301. (Pubitemid 40165335)
Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment. Circulation 2001;103:1759-1764 ▶ A touchstone in this field, this large follow-up study defines the poor outcome associated with even moderate ischaemic MR. (Pubitemid 32291413)
He S, Fontaine AA, Schwammenthal E, et al. Integrated mechanism for functional mitral regurgitation: leaflet restriction versus coapting force: in vitro studies. Circulation 1997;96:1826-1834 (Pubitemid 27400740)
Watanabe N, Ogasawara Y, Yamaura Y, et al. Quantitation of mitral valve tenting in ischemic mitral regurgitation by transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:763-769 (Pubitemid 40278976)
Kaul S, Spotnitz WD, Glasheen WP, et al. Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation. An experimental evaluation. Circulation 1991;84:2167-2180
Salgo IS, Gorman JH III, Gorman RC, et al. Effect of annular shape on leaflet curvature in reducing mitral leaflet stress. Circulation 2002;106:711-717
Otsuji Y, Kumanohoso T, Yoshifuku S, et al. Isolated annular dilation does not usually cause important functional mitral regurgitation: comparison between patients with lone atrial fibrillation and those with idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1651-1656 (Pubitemid 34494289)
He S, Lemmon JD Jr, Weston MW, et al. Mitral valve compensation for annular dilatation: in vitro study into the mechanisms of functional mitral regurgitation with an adjustable annulus model. J Heart Valve Dis 1999;8:294-302. (Pubitemid 29274333)
Gorman JH III, Gorman RC, Plappert T, et al. Infarct size and location determine development of mitral regurgitation in the sheep model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:615-622 (Pubitemid 28158078)
Mittal AK, Langston M Jr, Cohn KE, et al. Combined papillary muscle and left ventricular wall dysfunction as a cause of mitral regurgitation. An experimental study. Circulation 1971;44:174-180
Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Schwartzman D, et al. A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: insights from mechanical activation strain mapping 1. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1619-1625 ▶ This important study documents the role of papillary muscle synchrony as a contributor to functional MR and demonstrates the role of improving mechanical synchrony in reducing MR. (Pubitemid 39369794)
Levine RA, Schwammenthal E. Ischemic mitral regurgitation on the threshold of a solution: from paradoxes to unifying concepts. Circulation 2005;112:745-758 (Pubitemid 41099055)
Srichai MB, Grimm RA, Stillman AE, et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: impact of the left ventricle and mitral valve in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction 1. Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:170-178 ▶ There are limited data connecting myocardial status with the response of ischaemic MR. This paper examines the contribution of scar burden in this setting.
Tenenbaum A, Leor J, Motro M, et al. Improved posterobasal segment function after thrombolysis is associated with decreased incidence of significant mitral regurgitation in a first inferior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1558-1563
Breithardt OA, Sinha AM, Schwammenthal E, et al. Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced systolic heart failure 8. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:765-770 (Pubitemid 36308383)
Vinereanu D, Turner MS, Bleasdale RA, et al. Mechanisms of reduction of mitral regurgitation by cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:54-62. (Pubitemid 46048978)
Nof E, Glikson M, Bar-Lev D, et al. Mechanism of diastolic mitral regurgitation in candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:1611-1614 (Pubitemid 43737036)
Heinle SK, Tice FD, Kisslo J. Effect of dobutamine stress echocardiography on mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;25:122-127
Kizilbash AM, Willett DL, Brickner ME, et al. Effects of afterload reduction on vena contracta width in mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:427-431
Lancellotti P, Lebrun F, Pierard LA. Determinants of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1921-1928 (Pubitemid 37485566)
Lancellotti P, Troisfontaines P, Toussaint AC, et al. Prognostic importance of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 2003;108:1713-1717 (Pubitemid 37243659)
Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: the Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007;28:230-268 ▶ Ischaemic MR is the result of a dynamic process. References 22 and 23 systematically examine the role of exercise as well as the prognostic implications of ischaemic MR. (Pubitemid 46276943)
Gorcsan J III, Abraham T, Agler DA, et al. Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting - a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21:191-213. (Pubitemid 351308105)
Ypenburg C, Lancellotti P, Tops LF, et al. Acute effects of initiation and withdrawal of cardiac resynchronization therapy on papillary muscle dyssynchrony and mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2071-2077 (Pubitemid 350087580)
Magne J, Pibarot P, Dagenais F, et al. Preoperative posterior leaflet angle accurately predicts outcome after restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2007;115:782-791 (Pubitemid 46306106)
Schwammenthal E, Chen C, Benning F, et al. Dynamics of mitral regurgitant flow and orifice area. Physiologic application of the proximal flow convergence method: clinical data and experimental testing. Circulation 1994;90:307-322 ▶ An important work that links surgical outcome of restrictive annuloplasty with the details of mitral valve geometry.
Little SH, Pirat B, Kumar R, et al. Three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography for direct measurement of vena contracta area in mitral regurgitation: in vitro validation and clinical experience. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2008;1:695-704.
Song JM, Kim MJ, Kim YJ, et al. Three-dimensional characteristics of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: a real-time three-dimensional colour Doppler echocardiography study. Heart 2008;94:590-596 ▶ Ischaemic MR is often associated with eccentric MR jets. This paper explores the role of three dimensional echocardiography in understanding the shape of the MR jet. An appreciation of this complexity facilitates the evaluation of MR severity.
