Einstein Telescope; Gravitational waves; Seismic instruments; Seismic noise; Time-series analysis; Ambients; Einstein telescope; Gravitational waves detectors; Gravitational-waves; Sardinia; Seismic field; Temporal variation; Geophysics; Geochemistry and Petrology
Abstract :
[en] Einstein Telescope (ET) is a proposed underground infrastructure in Europe to host future generations of gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. One of its design goals is to extend the observation band of terrestrial GW detectors from currently about 20 Hz down to 3 Hz. The coupling of a detector to its environment becomes stronger at lower frequencies, which makes it important to carefully analyse environmental disturbances at ET candidate sites. Seismic disturbances pose the greatest challenge since there are several important mechanisms for seismic vibrations to produce noise in ET, for example, through gravitational coupling, stray light, or through harmful constraints on the design of ET’s control system. In this paper, we present an analysis of the time-variant properties of the seismic field at the Sardinia candidate site of ET connected to anthropogenic as well as natural phenomena. We find that temporal variations of source distributions and of the noise spectra generally follow predictable trends in the form of diurnal, weekly, or seasonal cycles. Specific seismic sources were identified such as road bridges, which produce observable disturbances underground. This information can be used to adapt a detector’s seismic isolation and control system.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Di Giovanni, M.; Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), L’Aquila, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy
Koley, Soumen ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Ondes gravitationnelles ; Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), L’Aquila, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy
Ensing, J.X.; AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Acedemy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Andric, T.; Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), L’Aquila, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy
Harms, J.; Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), L’Aquila, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy
D’Urso, D.; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universit‘a degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
Naticchioni, L.; Department of Physics, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Roma, Italy
De Rosa, R.; Department of Physics, Universit‘a degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
Giunchi, C.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Allocca, A. ; Department of Physics, Universit‘a degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
Cadoni, M.; Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
Calloni, E.; Department of Physics, Universit‘a degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
Cardini, A.; INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
Carpinelli, M.; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universit‘a degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
Contu, A. ; INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy ; INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Errico, L.; Department of Physics, Universit‘a degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
Mangano, V.; Department of Physics, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Roma, Italy
Olivieri, M.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Punturo, M.; INFN, Sezione di Perugia, Roma, Italy
Rapagnani, P.; Department of Physics, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Roma, Italy
Ricci, F.; Department of Physics, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy ; INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Roma, Italy
Rozza, D.; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universit‘a degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
Saccorotti, G.; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Trozzo, L.; INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
Dell’aquila, D.; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universit‘a degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
Pesenti, L.; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universit‘a degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
Sipala, V.; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universit‘a degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
Tosta e Melo, I.; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Universit‘a degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy ; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
MDG gratefully acknowledges the support of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research within the PRIN 2017 Research Program Framework, no. 2017SYRTCN and INGV-Pisa for making their computational resources available. SK acknowledges the support through a collaboration agreement between Gran Sasso Science Institute and Nikhef and from the European Gravitational Observatory through a collaboration convention on Advanced Virgo +. JE would like to acknowledge the financial support of the International Research Agenda Programme AstroCeNT (MAB/2018/7) funded by the Foundation for Polish Science from the European Regional Development Fund and by the EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 952480 (DarkWave). MDG, SK and JE also acknowledge the use of the ETRepo computing cluster hosted by the Department of Physics of the University of Pisa (Italy). This study was conducted within the framework agreement between Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). The authors would also like to express their gratitude to INFN that funded this project thanks to the Protocollo di Intesa tra Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca, la Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, l’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare e l’Università degli Studi di Sassari finalizzato a sostenere la candidatura italiana a ospitare l’infrastruttura Einstein Telescope in Sardegna e al potenziamento di Virgo, and the University of Sassari that funded this project thanks to the Accordo di Programma tra la Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, l’Università degli Studi di Sassari, l’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, l’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, l’Università degli studi di Cagliari e l’IGEA S.p.a. finalizzato alla realizzazione nella Regione Autonoma della Sardegna di una infrastruttura a basso rumore sismico e antropico dedicata alla ricerca di base nell’ambito della rivelazione di onde gravitazionali, fisica della gravitazione, geofisica e sue applicazione (progetto SAR-GRAV). Intervento finanziato con risorse FSC 20142020 Patto per lo sviluppo della Regione Sardegna. The authors also acknowledge the Parco Geominerario Storico e Ambientale della Sardegna for its financial support. The authors’ grateful acknowledgment also goes to the contribution of the Fondi di Ateneo 2017 of Sapienza University of Rome and of the Fondi di Ateneo per la ricerca 2019 and Fondi di Ateneo per la ricerca 2020 of the University of Sassari.MDG gratefully acknowledges the support of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research within the PRIN 2017 Research Program Framework, no. 2017SYRTCN and INGV-Pisa for making their computational resources available. SK acknowledges the support through a collaboration agreement between Gran Sasso Science Institute and Nikhef and from the European Gravitational Observatory through a collaboration convention on Advanced Virgo +. JE would like to acknowledge the financial support of the International Research Agenda Programme AstroCeNT (MAB/2018/7) funded by the Foundation for Polish Science from the European Regional Development Fund and by the EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 952480 (DarkWave). MDG, SK and JE also acknowledge the use of the ETRepo computing cluster hosted by the Department of Physics of the University of Pisa (Italy).This study was conducted within the framework agreement between Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). The authors would also like to express their gratitude to INFN that funded this project thanks to the Protocollo di Intesa tra Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca, la Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, l’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare e l’Università degli Studi di Sassari finalizzato a sostenere la candidatura italiana a ospitare l’infrastruttura Einstein Telescope in Sardegna e al potenziamento di Virgo, and the University of Sassari that funded this project thanks to the Accordo di Programma tra la Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, l’Università degli Studi di Sassari, l’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, l’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, l’Università degli studi di Cagliari e l’IGEA S.p.a. finalizzato alla realizzazione nella Regione Autonoma della Sardegna di una infrastruttura a basso rumore sismico e antropico dedicata alla ricerca di base nell’ambito della rivelazione di onde gravitazionali, fisica della gravitazione, geofisica e sue applicazione (progetto SAR-GRAV). Intervento finanziato con risorse FSC 20142020 Patto per lo sviluppo della Regione Sardegna. The authors also acknowledge the Parco Geominerario Storico e Ambientale della Sardegna for its financial support. The authors’ grateful acknowledgment also goes to the contribution of the Fondi di Ateneo 2017 of Sapienza University of Rome and of the Fondi di Ateneo per la ricerca 2019 and Fondi di Ateneo per la ricerca 2020 of the University of Sassari.
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