[en] Food security is challenged by low agricultural productivity in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study aimed at contributing to food security of rural households in South-Kivu by valorizing residues of four staple crops, including cassava, maize, banana, and common bean. The study was conducted in two steps: (1) monitoring of farmers' fields throughout the cropping season to record weight of crop residues and yields, and (2) assessment of the potential of staple crop residues for mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production. Results showed that the four major staple crops had low yields and low biomass productivity in the study area. Residues of these staple crops were mainly used by farmers as fodder, compost, incinerated, or left on the farm for nutrient recycling. In addition to target plant parts (tubers or grains), cassava and common bean leaves were harvested for household consumption (as vegetables) or traded at local markets for income generation. Substrates based on maize residues, combined with cow manure as additive, gave the highest yield of P. ostreatus (2.4 kg kg−1) compared to residues of other three staple crops. In contrast, substrates from banana leaves had consistently lowest yields, regardless of used additives (1.1 and 1.2 kg kg−1 with soybean flour and cow manure, respectively). This study showed that valorizing residues of staple crops could help improve households’ food security and income in rural areas of eastern DRC. This practice should, therefore, be encouraged and scaled across the country and other parts of the world facing food shortages and poverty.
Disciplines :
Food science
Author, co-author :
Kazige, Orthence K.; Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
Chuma Basimine, Géant ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Sphères ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Service de géographie rurale (Laboratoire pour l'analyse des lieux, des paysages et des campagnes européennes LAPLEC) ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Faculté des Sciences > Form. doct. sc. (géog. - paysage) ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Faculté des Sciences > Doct. scienc. (géographie) ; UEA - Université Evangélique en Afrique
Lusambya, Annifa S.; Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
Mondo, Jean M.; Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
Balezi, Alphonse Z.; Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
Mapatano, Sylvain; DIOBASS Platform in Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
Mushagalusa, Gustave N.; Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, Democratic Republic Congo
Language :
English
Title :
Valorizing staple crop residues through mushroom production to improve food security in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Financial support for data collection from “Pain pour le Monde” through DIOBASS platform and UEA is gratefully acknowledged. This research project was conducted with active participation of farmer organizations in Mushinga to which we are grateful. We thank the anonymous reviewers and editors for their constructive suggestions and comments to improve the quality of this manuscript.
African Union, Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods. African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2014.
United Nations, Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; 2015 A/RES/70/1. 2015, United Nations, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Igbinedion, S.O., Abusomwan, S.O., Sub-Saharan Africa and the challenges of poverty eradication: contemporary issues and policy framework. Int. J. Dev. Sustain. 3:12 (2014), 2206–2217.
FAO. New UN report reveals that hunger in Africa continues to rise. https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1180443/icode/, 2019. (Accessed 21 October 2021)
Kankwanda, G., Makabu Ma Nkenda, T., Nilsson, B., Roubaud, F., Torelli, C., Wachsberger, J.M., Le marché du travail en République Démocratique du Congo en 2012: Principaux résultats de la Phase 1 de l'Enquête 1. 2014, 2–3.
Kambale, R.M., Ngaboyeka, G.A., Ntagazibwa, J.N., Bisimwa, M.H.I., Kasole, L.Y., Habiyambere, V., Kubuya, V.B., Kasongo, J.K., André, E., Van der Linden, D., Severe acute malnutrition in children admitted in an Intensive Therapeutic and Feeding Centre of South Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: why do our patients die?. PLoS One, 15(7), 2020, e0236022.
Mondo, J.M., Irenge, A.B., Ayagirwe, R.B., Dontsop-Nguezet, P.M., Karume, K., Njukwe, E., Mapatano, S.M., Zamukulu, P.M., Basimine, G.C., Musungayi, E.M., Mbusa, H.K., Kazamwali, L.M., Civava, R., Mushagalusa, G.N., Determinants of adoption and farmers' preferences for cassava varieties in Kabare territory, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Am. J. Rural Dev. 7:2 (2019), 44–52.
Mondo, J.M., Chuma, G.B., Kwalya, P.B., Balagizi, S.A., Ndjadi, S.S., Mugumaarhahama, Y., Balezi, A.Z., Karume, K., Mushagalusa, G.N., Civava, R.M., Neglected and underutilized crop species in Kabare and Walungu territories, Eastern DR Congo: identification, uses and socio-economic importance. J. Agric. Food Res., 6, 2021, 100234.
SNSA. Annuaire des statistiques agricoles (2010–2015): Ministère de l'Agriculture et du Développement Rural, Secrétariat général à l'Agriculture, Pêche et Elevage, Kinshasa, DRC. vol. 2016, 2015, 153.
Chuma, B.G., Ndeko, B.A., Mulalisi, B., Safina, B.F., Ndjadi, S.S., Mushagalusa, N.G., Post-harvest constraints of Solanaceae species produced in Kabare wetlands, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Agric. Res., 2021, 1–12, 10.1007/s40003-021-00586-4.
Munyahali, W., Pypers, P., Swennen, R., Walangululu, J., Vanlauwe, B., Merckx, R., Responses of cassava growth and yield to leaf harvesting frequency and NPK fertilizer in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. Field Crop. Res. 214 (2017), 194–201.
Irakiza, N.P., Chuma, B.G., Zongwe, L.T., Aganze, M.M., Mondo, M.J., Kulimushi, Z.P., Mapatano, S., Balezi, Z.A., Mushagalusa, N.G., Fortification with mushroom flour (Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P.Kumm) and substitution of wheat flour by cassava flour in bread making: nutritional and technical implications in Eastern DR Congo. Agric. Food Secur., 301, 2021, 10.1186/s40066-021-00301-0.
Muller, K., Alice, S., Charles, S., Shimwela, M., Deborah, N., Beatrice, E., Agronomic performance of provitamin A-rich banana cultivars in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 17:9 (2021), 1209–1220.
HarvestPlus, D.R.C., Available online: http://www.harvestplus.org/content/iron-beans-dr-congo, 2009. (Accessed 21 October 2021)
Petry, N., Boy, E., Wirth, J.P., Hurrell, R.F., The potential of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as a vehicle for iron biofortification. Nutrients 7:2 (2015), 1144–1173.
Buzera, A., Kinyanjui, P., Ishara, J., Sila, D., Physical and cooking properties of two varieties of bio-fortified common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) grown in DR Congo. IISTE Food Sci. Qual. Manag. 71 (2018), 1–12.
FAOSTAT, Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL, 2021. (Accessed 21 October 2021)
Chuma, B.G., Safina, B.F., Byamungu, N.A., Nuru, W., Mulalisi, B., Bagula, E.M., Mondo, M.J., Lubobo, K.A., Mushagalusa, N.G., Optimal fertiliser dose and nutrients allocation in local and biofortified bean varieties grown on ferralsols in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cogent Food Agric., 6(1), 2020, 1805226.
Kayani, B.I., Agumas, B., Musyoki, M., Nziguheba, G., Marohn, C., Benz, M., Vanlauwe, B., Cadisch, G., Rasche, F., Market access and resource endowment define the soil fertility status of smallholder farming systems of South‐Kivu, DR Congo. Soil Use Manag. 37:2 (2021), 353–366.
Mushagalusa, G.N., Karume, K., Mondo, J.M., Ndeko, A.B., Situation de référence de l'agro-écologie dans les zones d'intervention du Consortium CPR Idjwi-3ème CBCA, IADL ASBL. Plate-forme DIOBASS et CAPA-CBCA au Sud-Kivu. Rapport de consultance, Université Evangélique en Afrique, Bukavu, 2020, DRC, 160.
Mushagalusa, N.G., Karume, K., Ndusha, B., Basengere, A., Bayisha, A., Bisuri, B.A., Chimanuka, B., Banswe, G., Building the Evidence Base on the Agricultural Nutrition Nexus: Democratic Republic of Congo. CTA Working Paper. 17/10, 2017, CTA, Wageningen.
Bapolisi, W.A., Ferrari, G., Bisimwa, G., Merten, S., Gendered determinants of food insecurity in ongoing regional conflicts, North and South Kivu, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Agric. Food Secur. 10:1 (2021), 1–9.
Mushagalusa, G.N., Mondo, J.M., Masangu, G.B., Lutwamuzire, S.C., Sambili, C., Bagula, E.M., Balezi, A.Z., Effects of increasing additive doses on the productivity of two strains of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. under the casing technique; and on local substrates in the DR Congo. Tropicultura 35:2 (2017), 102–109.
Kiyuku, P., Dibaluka, S., Degreef, J., Cultiver des champignons dans la région des Grands Lacs africains: Guide pour vulgarisateurs et petits producteurs en milieu paysan. 2020, Jardin botanique de Meise, Nieuwelaan, Meise, Belgique, 56, 10.5281/zenodo.3941509.
Kiyuku, P., Bigawa, S., Production de Pennisetum sp. et son utilisation pour la culture de Pleurotus ostreatus au Burundi. VertigO-la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement, (Hors-série 17). https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.13948, 2013.
Mondo, J., Balezi, A., Mugomoka, V., Zigashane, L., Bagula, E., Kashosi, T., Mushagalusa, G., Effets des milieux de culture (PDA, SDA, SPDA, blé et maïs) sur la productivité in vitro de la souche P969 du Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. Afrique Sci. 12:4 (2016), 374–381.
Mondo, M.J., Bagula, M.E., Balezi, Z.A., Mushagalusa, N.G., Effets des substrats à base de fanes de haricot et de feuilles de bananier sur la productivité des souches de Pleurotus ostreatus (P969 et HK51) sur étagère et gobetage. VertigO-la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement, 2016, 10.4000/vertigo.16899.
Beck, H.E., Zimmermann, N.E., McVicar, T.R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., Wood, E.F., Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci. Data 5:1 (2018), 1–12, 10.1038/sdata.2018.214.
Mugumaarhahama, Y., Mondo, J.M., Cokola, M.C., Ndjadi, S.S., Mutwedu, V.B., Kazamwali, L.M., Cirezi, N.C., Chuma, G.B., Ndeko, A.B., Ayagirwe, R.B.B., Civava, R., Socio-economic drivers of improved sweet potato varieties adoption among smallholder farmers in South-Kivu Province, DR Congo. Sci. Afric., 12, 2021, e00818.
Usungo-Ulingu, J., Réseau routier, pression démographique et espaces agraires dans l'hinterland rural de la ville de Bukavu, en RD Congo (1921-2012). Parmentier, (eds.) Etudes et bibliographies d'histoire environnementale: Belgique-Nord de la France-Afrique centrale. Actes des 2e RBel, Namur, Décembre 2012, Namur, Belgium, 2016, 245–252 2016.
Bagula, M.E., Pypers, P., Mushagalusa, N.G., Muhigwa, J.B., Assessment of fertilizer use efficiency of maize in the weathered soils of Walungu District, DR Congo. Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Intensification of the Humid Highland Systems of Sub-saharan Africa, 2014, Springer, Cham, 187–199.
Zamukulu, P., Ayagirwe, R., Ndeko, A., Bagula, E., Mondo, J., Ganza, D., Musale, D.K., Mushagalusa, G.N., Contraintes et opportunités de l'intégration agriculture-élevage à Mushinga dans l'Est de la RD Congo. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 41:3 (2019), 7000–7014.
Mushagalusa, N.G., Karume, K., Bagula, E., Mondo, M.J., Ntole, R., Karume, O.O., Mwimangire, C., Ajustement du calendrier agricole et des intrants pour les filières café, soja et haricot au Sud-Kivu, est de la RD Congo. 2019, Rapport de Consultance, UEA, Bukavu, DRC.
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2019, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria Available at: https://www.R-project.org/.
Mondo, M.J., Kimani, P.M., Narla, R.D., Validation of effectiveness marker-assisted gamete selection for multiple disease resistance in common bean. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 27:4 (2019), 585–612.
Mondo, J.M., Kimani, P.M., Narla, R.D., Marker-assisted gamete selection for multiple disease resistance and grain yield in inter-gene pool and inter-racial populations of common bean. Afric. J. Rural Dev. 3:4 (2019), 931–941.
Dowiya, N.B., Rweyemamu, C.L., Maerere, A.P., Banana (Musa spp. Colla) cropping systems, production constraints and cultivar preferences in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 4:2 (2009), 341–356.
Bisimwa, B.E., Walangululu, J., Bragard, C., Cassava mosaic disease yield loss assessment under various altitude agroecosystems in the Sud Kivu region, Democratic Republic of Congo. Tropicultura 33:2 (2015), 101–110.
Bisimwa, E.B., Birindwa, D.R., Yomeni, M.O., Rudahaba, N., Byamungu, K., Bragard, C., Multiple cassava viruses' co-infections and resurgence of pests are leading to severe symptoms and yield losses on Cassava in the South-Kivu Region, Democratic Republic of Congo. Am. J. Plant Sci. 10:11 (2019), 1969–1988.
Shukuru, K.K., Valimunzigha, C.K., Mubalama, J., Mbusa, H.K., Selection of F1 Sweetpotato hybrids for fresh root yield in Butembo area, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int. J. Res. Agric. Sci. 6:2 (2019), 46–56.
Mushagalusa, N.G., Kashemwa, A., Sinza, C.B., Bigirimwami, L.C., Karume, K., Lubobo, A.K., Responses of biofortified common bean varieties to di-ammonium phosphate fertilizer under climate variability conditions in South-Kivu, DR Congo. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 11:38 (2016), 3569–3577.
Bagula, E.M., Majaliwa, J.G., Mushagalusa, G.N., Basamba, T.A., Tumuhairwe, J.B., Akello, S., Mondo, J.G.M., Gabiri, G., Musinguzi, P., Mwimangire, C.B., Tenywa, M.M., Water and nutrient balances under selected soil and water conservation practices in semi-arid Ruzizi plain, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 17:11 (2021), 1407–1419.
Mondo, J.M., Bagula, E.M., Bisimwa, E.B., Bushunju, P.A., Mirindi, C.M., Kazamwali, L.M., Chirhuza, S.B., Karume, K., Mushagalusa, G.N., Benefits and drivers of farm mechanisation in Ruzizi plain, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 28:1 (2020), 111–130.
Chuma, G.B., Bora, F.S., Ndeko, A.B., Mugumaarhahama, Y., Cirezi, N.C., Mondo, J.M., Bagula, E.M., Karume, K., Mushagalusa, G.N., Schimtz, S., Estimation of soil erosion using RUSLE modeling and geospatial tools in a tea production watershed (Chisheke in Walungu), eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 2021, 1–17.
Gaidashova, S.V., Okech, S.H.O., Gold, C.S., Nyagahungu, I., Why beer bananas: the case for Rwanda. InfoMusa 14:1 (2005), 2–6.
Lunze, L., Ngongo, M., Potential nitrogen contribution of climbing bean to subsequent maize crop in rotation in South Kivu Province of Democratic Republic of Congo. Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa, 2011, Springer, Dordrecht, 677–681.
Munyahali, W., Hammond, J., Kulemba, M., Chakirwa, P., Walangululu, J., Vanlauwe, B., Nziguheba, G., LegumeSELECT: Rural Household Multi-Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) Report for South Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. ILRI Project Report., 2020, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya https://hdl.handle.net/10568/111144.
Philippoussis, A., Zervakis, G., Diamantopoulou, P., Ioannidou, S., Potential for the cultivation of exotic mushroom species by exploitation of Mediterranean agricultural wastes. Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi, Balkema, Rotterdam, 2000.
Philippoussis, A.N., Production of mushrooms using agro-industrial residues as substrates. Biotechnology for Agro-Industrial Residues Utilization, 2009, Springer, Dordrecht, 163–196.
Zadrazil, F., Compare, G., Maziero, R., Biology, cultivation and utilization of Pleurotus species. Romaine, C.P., Keil, C.B., Rinker, D.L., et al. (eds.) Science and Cultivation of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, 2004, Penn State University, Pennsylvania.
Tshinyangu, K., Production et valeur alimentaire des Pleurotes en fonction du substrat. Doctoral Dissertation, 1994, UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
Tshimanga, W.L., La culture de pleurote (Pleurotus ostreatus) Jacquin: pries) KUMMER var ostreatus C.V. Florida). une biotechnologie prometteure pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire à Kananga. Le Semeur du Kasaï Revue Pluridisciplinaire, vol. 1, 2012, 3–15.
IFPRI. Global Nutrition Report 2015: Actions and Accountability to Advance Nutrition and Sustainable Development., 2015, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA, 126–131.
Santeramo, F.G., Shabnam, N., The income-elasticity of calories, macro-and micro-nutrients: what is the literature telling us?. Food Res. Int. 76 (2015), 932–937.
