Investigation into the geometry and distribution of oil inclusions in sea ice using non-destructive X-ray microtomography and its implications for remote sensing and mitigation potential. - 2021
Investigation into the geometry and distribution of oil inclusions in sea ice using non-destructive X-ray microtomography and its implications for remote sensing and mitigation potential.
[en] As climate change brings reduced sea ice cover and longer ice-free summers to the Arctic, northern Canada is experiencing an increase in shipping and industrial activity in this sensitive region. Disappearing sea ice, therefore, makes the Arctic region susceptible to accidental releases of different types of oil and fuel pollution resulting in a pressing need for the development of appropriate scientific knowledge necessary to inform regulatory policy formulation. In this study, we examine the microstructure of the surficial layers of sea ice exposed to oil using X-ray microtomography. Through analysis, 3D imaging of the spatial distribution of the ice's components (brine, air, and oil) were made. Additional quantitative information regarding the size, proximity, orientation, and geometry of oil inclusions were computed to ascertain discernable relationships between oil and the other components of the ice. Our results indicate implications for airborne remote sensing and bioremediation of the upper sea ice layers.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Desmond, Durell S; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Electronic address: umdesmod@myumanitoba.ca
Crabeck, Odile ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS)
Lemes, Marcos; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Harasyn, Madison L; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Mansoori, Amirbahador; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Saltymakova, Diana; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Fuller, M Christopher; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Rysgaard, Søren; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Barber, David G; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Isleifson, Dustin; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Stern, Gary A; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Electronic address: gary.stern@umanitoba.ca
Language :
English
Title :
Investigation into the geometry and distribution of oil inclusions in sea ice using non-destructive X-ray microtomography and its implications for remote sensing and mitigation potential.
CRCs - Canada Research Chairs NSERC - Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council CFI - Canada Foundation for Innovation
Funding text :
Canada Research Chair (CRC) programs, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) and the University of Manitoba (UofM). This work was supported by and is a contribution to the ArcticNet Networks of Centres of Excellence and the Arctic Science Partnership (ASP), as well as Microbial Genomics for Oil Spill Preparedness in Canada's Arctic Marine Environment (GENICE). We would also like to thank Ryan Galley, Thomas D. Neusitzer, Nariman Firoozy, Katarzyna Polcwiartek, Nolan Snyder, and Dr. Nicolas-Xavier Geilfus (CEOS).
AMAP, AMAP Assessment 2007: oil and gas activities in the arctic — effects and potential effects. 2010, Arctic Monitoring & Assessment Programme, Oslo vols. 1 and 2.
AMAP, Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway. 2017 vols. 1 and 2.
Afenyo, M., Khan, F., Veitch, B., Yang, M., Modeling oil weathering and transport in sea ice. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 107 (2016), 206–215.
Afenyo, M., Veitch, B., Khan, F., A state-of-the-art review of fate and transport of oil spills in open and ice-covered water. Ocean Eng. 119 (2016), 233–248.
Anderson, J.W., Neff, J.M., Cox, B.A., Tatem, H.E., Hightower, G.M., Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish. Mar. Biol. 27 (1974), 75–88.
Boccadoro, C., Krolicka, A., Receveur, J., Aeppli, C., Le Floch, S., Microbial community response and migration of petroleum compounds during a sea-ice oil spill experiment in Svalbard. Mar. Environ. Res. 142 (2018), 214–233.
Ballestero, H., Magdol, Z., Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in simulated arctic sea ice brine channels and protistan predation. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, 2011, 10.7901/2169-3358-2011-1-272 vol. 2011, no. 1.
Bazilchuk, N., Predicting the fate of oil spills in a frozen world. Gemini Research News from NTNU and SINTEF, 15 Feb, 2018 geminiresearchnews.com/2018/02/predicting-fate-oil-spills-frozen-world/.
News, B.B.C., Arctic Circle oil spill prompts Putin to declare state of emergency. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-europe-52915807, 2020.
Boetius, A., Anesio, A.M., Deming, J.W., Mikucki, J.A., Rapp, J.Z., Microbial ecology of the crosphere: sea ice glacial habitats. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13 (2015), 677–690.
Bradford, J.H., Babcock, E.L., Marshall, H.-P., Dickins, D.F., Targeted reflection-waveform inversion of experimental ground-penetrating radar data for quantification of oil spills under sea ice. Geophysics, 81(1), 2015, WA59-WA70.
Brakstad, O.G., Nonstad, I., Faksness, L.-G., Brandvik, P.J., Responses of microbial communities in Arctic Sea ice after contamination by crude petroleum oil. Microb. Ecol. 55 (2008), 540–552.
Brandvik, P.J., Faksness, L.-G., Weathering processes in Arctic oil spills: meso-scale experiments with different ice conditions. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 55:1 (2009), 160–166, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.06.006.
Brekke, C., Holt, B., Jones, C., Skrunes, S., Discrimination of oil spills from newly formed sea ice by synthetic aperture radar. Remote Sens. Environ. 145 (2014), 1–14.
Brown, C.E., Fingas, M.F., Review of the development of laser fluorosensors for oil spill application. 47.9-12 Mar. Pollut. Bull., 2003, 477–484 Web.
Courville, Z.R., Lieb-Lappen, R., Claffey, K., Elder, B., Investigations of skeletal layer microstructure in the context of remote sensing of oil in sea ice. Proceedings of the International Oil Spill Conference: Vol. 2017, No. 1, 2017, 2237–2255, 10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2237.
Cox, G., Weeks, W., Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea-ice samples. J. Glaciol. 29:102 (1983), 306–316.
Crabeck, O., Galley, R., Dellile, B., Else, B., Geilfus, N.-X., Lemes, M., Roches, M.D., Francus, P., Tison, J.-L., Rysgaard, S., Imaging air volume fraction in sea ice using non-destructive X-ray tomography. Cryosphere 10 (2016), 1125–1145.
Delille, D., Bassères, A., Dessommes, A., Seasonal variation of bacteria in sea ice contaminated by diesel fuel and dispersed crude oil. Microb. Ecol. 33 (1997), 97–105.
De Loor, G.P., Dielectric properties of heterogeneous mixtures containing water. J. Microwave Power 3:2 (1968), 67–73.
Desmond, D.S., Neusitzer, T.D., Firoozy, N., Isleifson, D., Barber, D.G., Stern, G.A., Examining the physical processes of corn oil (Medium crude oil Surrogate) in sea ice and its resultant effect on complex permittivity and normalized radar cross-section. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 142 (2019), 484–493.
Desmond, D.S., Saltymakova, D., Neusitzer, T.D., Firoozy, N., Isleifson, D., Barber, D.G., Stern, G.A., Oil behavior in sea ice: changes in chemical composition and resultant effect on sea ice dielectrics. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 142 (2019), 216–233.
Desmond, D.S., Neusitzer, T.D., Lemes, M.D., Barber, D.G., Stern, G.A., Examining the physical interactions of corn oil (medium crude oil surrogate) in sea ice and its potential for chemical partitioning within an Arctic environment. Proceedings of the Forty-second AMOP Technical Seminar, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2019, 66–95.
Desmond, D.S., Saltymakova, D., Smith, A., Wolfe, T., Snyder, N., Polcwiartek, Bautista, M., Lemes, M., Hubert, C.R.J., Barber, D.G., Isleifson, D., Stern, G.A., Photooxidation and biodegradation potential of a light crude oil in first-year sea ice. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 165, 2021, 112154.
Duliu, O.G., Computer axial tomography in geosciences: an overview. EarthSci. Rev. 48 (1999), 265–281.
Eicken, A., From the microscopic to the macroscopic to the regional scale: Growth, microstructure and properties of sea ice. Contribution to Thomas, D., Dieckmann, G.S., (eds.) Sea Ice – An Introduction to Its Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Geology, 2003, Blackwell Science, London, 22–81.
Ehn, J.K., Hwang, B.J., Galley, R.J., Barber, D.G., Investigations of newly formed sea ice in the Cape Bathurst polynya: 1. structural, physical, and optical properties. J. Geophys. Res., 112(C5), 2007 (pp. C05 003).
Faksness, L.-G., Brandvik, P.J., Distribution of water soluble components from Arctic marine oil spills — a combined laboratory and field study. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 54:2 (2008), 97–105, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.03.005.
Faksness, L.-G., Brandvik, P.J., Daae, R.L., Leirvik, F., Børseth, J.F., Large-scale oil-in-ice experiment in the Barents Sea: monitoring of oil in water and MetOcean interactions. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 62:5 (2011), 976–984, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.039.
Fingas, M., Brown, C.E., Oil spill remote sensing: a forensic approach. Oil Spill Environmental Forensics. Fingerprinting and Source Identification, 2007.
Fingas, M.F., Hollebone, B.P., Review of behaviour of oil in freezing environments. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 47:9 (2003), 333–340.
Firoozy, N., Neusitzer, T., Chirkova, D., Desmond, D., Lemes, M., Landy, J., Mojabi, P., Rysgaard, S., Stern, G., Barber, D.G., A controlled experiment on oil release beneath thin sea ice and its electromagnetic detection. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 56:8 (2018), 4406–4419.
Firoozy, N., Neusitzer, T., Desmond, D.S., Tiede, T., Lemes, M., Landy, J., Mojabi, P., Rysgaard, S., Stern, G., Barber, D.G., An electromagnetic detection case study on crude oil injection in a young sea ice environment. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 55:8 (2017), 4465–4475.
Frankenstein, G., Garner, R., Equations for determining the brine volume of sea ice from -0.5 to -22.9°C. J. Glaciology 6:48 (1967), 943–944.
Frantz, C.M., Light, B., Farley, S.M., Carpenter, S., Lieblappen, R., Courville, Z., Orellana, M.V., Junge, K., Physical and optical characteristics of heavily melted “rotten” Arctic Sea ice. Cryosphere 13 (2019), 775–793.
Fritt-Rasmussen, J., Wegeberg, S., Gustavson, K., Review on burn residues from in situ burning of oil spills in relation to Arctic waters. Water Air Soil Pollut., 226(10), 2015, 329.
Fung, A.K., Liu, W.Y., Chen, K.S., Tsay, M.K., An improved iem model for bistatic scattering from rough surfaces. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 16 (2002), 689–702.
Galley, R.J., Else, B.G.T., Geilfus, N.-X., Hare, A.A., Isleifson, D., Barber, D.G., Rysgaard, S., Imaged brine inclusions in young sea ice - shape, distribution and formation timing. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 2015, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.12.011.
Golden, K.M., Eicken, H., Heaton, A.L., Miner, J., Pringle, D.J., Zhu, J., Thermal evolution of permeability and microstructure in sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 2007, L16501, 10.1029/2007GL030447.
Harsem, Ø., Eide, A., Heen, K., Factors influencing future oil and gas prospects in the Arctic. Energy Policy 39:12 (2011), 8037–8045.
Hildebrand, T., Rüegsegger, P., Quantification of bone microarchitecture with the structure model index. Comput. Methods Biomech. Bio Med. Eng. 1:1 (1997), 15–23.
Hubert, C., Stern, G., GENICE: Microbial Genomics for Oil Spill Preparadness in Canada's Arctic Marine Environment. 2016-2017, Genome Canada www.genomecanada.ca/en/genice-microbial-genomics-oil-spill-preparedness-canadas-arctic-marine-environment.
Iassonov, P., Gebrenegus, T., Tuller, M., Segmentation of X-ray computed tomography images of porous materials: a crucial step for characterization and quantitative analysis of pore structures. Water Resour. Res., 45, 2009, W09415, 10.1029/2009WR008087.
IPCC, Team, Core Writing, Pachauri, R.K., Meyer, L.A., (eds.) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland vols. 1 and 2.
Isleifson, D., Hwang, Byongjun, Barber, D.G., Scharien, R.K., Shafai, L., C-band polarimetric backscattering signatures of newly formed sea ice during fall freeze-up. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 48 (2010), 3256–3267.
Isleifson, D., Galley, R.J., Barber, D.G., Landy, J.C., Komarov, A.S., Shafai, L., A study on the C-band polarimetric scattering and physical characteristics of frost flowers on experimental sea ice. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 52:3 (2014), 1787–1798.
Isleifson, D., Komarov, A., Desmond, D., Stern, G., Barber, D., Modeling backscattering from oil-contaminated sea ice using a multi-layered scattering method. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2020, 1–2.
Ketcham, R., Carlson, W.D., Acquisition, optimization and interpretation of X-ray computed tomographic imagery: applications to the geosciences. Comput. Geosci. 27:4 (2001), 381–400.
Krembs, C., Gradinger, R., Spindler, M., Implications of brine channel geometry and surface area for the interaction of sympagic organisms in Arctic Sea ice. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 243 (2000), 55–80.
Lieb-Lappen, R.M., Golden, E.J., Obbard, R.W., Metrics for interpreting the microstructure of sea ice using X-ray micro-computed tomography. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 138 (2017), 24–35 Web.
Lieblappen, R.M., Kumar, D.D., Pauls, S.D., Obbard, R.W., A network model for characterizing brine channels in sea ice. Cryosphere, 12(1013–1026), 2018, 2018, 10.5194/tc-12-1013-2018.
Martin, S., A field study of brine drainage and oil entrainment in first-Year Sea ice. J. Glaciol. 22:88 (1979), 473–502.
Maus, S., Becker, J., Schneebeli, M., Wiegmann, A., Oil saturation of the sea ice pore space. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions. Web, 2015.
Maus, S., Leisinger, S., Matzl, M., Schneebeli, M., Wiegmann, A., Modelling oil entrapment in sea ice on the basis of 3d micro-tomographic images. Proceedings of the International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, 2013.
Neusitzer, T.D., Firoozy, N., Tiede, T.M., Desmond, D.S., Lemes, M., Stern, G.A., Rysgaard, S., Mojabi, P., Barber, D.G., Examining the impact of a crude oil spill on the permittivity profile and normalized radar cross-section of Young Sea ice. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 56:2 (2018), 921–936, 10.1109/tgrs.2017.2756843.
Neusitzer, T.D., Firoozy, N., Chirkova, D., Polcwiartek, K., Tiede, T., Desmond, D., Snyder, N., Lemes, M., Rysgaard, S., Wang, F., Smith, A., Hubert, C., Stern, G., Mojabi, P., Barber, D., Remote sensing of oil spills in freezing environments at the university of manitoba sea-ice environmental research facility. Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM), Waterloo, ON, CA, 2018, 1–3.
Obbard, R., Troderman, G., Baker, I., J. Glaciol. 55 (2009), 1113–1115.
Oggier, M., Eicken, H., Wilkinson, J., Petrich, C., O'Sadnick, M., Crude oil migration in sea-ice: Laboratory studies of constraints on oil mobilization and seasonal evolution. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 2019, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102924 accepted October 2019.
O'Sadnick, M.O., Petrich, C., Phuong, N.D., The entrainment and migration of crude oil in sea ice, the use of vegetable oil as a substitute, and other lessons from laboratory experiments. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Busan, Korea, 2017.
Petrich, C., Eicken, H., Growth, structure and properties of sea ice. Sea Ice, Second edition, 2010, Wiley-Blackwell, United Kingdom (Ch 2).
Petrich, C., Karlsson, J., Eicken, H., Porosity of growing sea ice and potential for oil entrainment. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 87 (2013), 27–32 Web.
Polder, D., van Santen, J.H., The effective permeability of mixtures of solids. Physica 12:5 (1946), 257–271.
Prince, R.C., Walters, C.C., Biodegradation of oil hydrocarbons and its implications for source identification. Standard Handbook Oil Spill Environmental Forensics: Fingerprinting and Source Identification, 2nd. Ch 19, 2016 accepted October 2019.
Pringle, D.J., Miner, J.E., Eicken, H., Golden, K.M., Pore space percolation in sea ice single crystals. J. Geophys. Res., 114, 2009, C12017, 10.1029/2008JC005145.
Puestow, T., Parsons, L., Zakharov, I., Cater, N., Bobby, P., Fuglem, M., Parr, G., Jayasiri, A., Warren, S., Warbanski, G., Oil spill detection and mapping in low visibility and ice: surface remote sensing. Arctic Response Technology Oil Spill Preparedness, Final Report 5.1, 2013.
Salomon, M.L., Arntsen, M., Phuong, N.D., Maus, S., O'Sadnick, M., Petrich, C., Schneebeli, M., Wiese, M., Experimental and micro-CT study on the oil distribution in laboratory grown sea ice. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, 2017 Busan, Korea.
Saltymakova, Smith, A.F., Polcwiartek, K., Desmond, D., Snyder, N., Wolfe, T., Bautista, M.A., Stone, M., Ellefson, E., Hubert, C., Stern, G.A., Enriched Arctic bacteria potential for biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons estimated from crude oil-in-ice mesocosm experiment. Proceedings of the 42nd AMOP Technical Seminar on Environmental Contamination and Response, 2019 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334151994.
Saltymakova, D., Desmond, D.S., Isleifson, D., Firoozy, N., Neusitzer, T.D., Xu, Z., Lemes, M., Barber, D.G., Stern, G.A., Effect of dissolution, evaporation, and photooxidation on crude oil chemical composition, dielectric properties and its radar signature in the Arctic environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 151, 2020, 110629.
Schenk, 2011 C.J. Schenk 2011 Chapter 41 Geology and petroleum potential of the West Greenland-East Canada Province Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem. 351 627645 Web.
Sezgin, M., Sankur, B., Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation. J. Electron. Imaging 13 (2004), 146–165, 10.1117/1.1631315.
Smith, L.C., Stephenson, S.R., New Trans-Arctic shipping routes navigable by midcentury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110(13), 2013 n. pag. Web.
Tinga, W.R., Voss, W.A.G., Blossey, D.F., Generalized approach to multiphase dielectric mixture theory. J. Appl. Phys. 44:9 (1973), 3897–3902.
Ulaby, F.T., Long, D.G., 2014, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
Vancoppenolle, M., Meiners, K.M., Michel, C., Bopp, L., Brabant, F., Carnat, G., Delille, B., Lannuzel, D., Madec, G., Moreau, S., Tison, J.-L., van der Merwe, P., Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges. Quaternary Sci. Rev. 79 (2013), 207–230, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.011.
L. Vergeynst K.U. Kjeldsen P. Lassen S. Rysgaard 2018 Bacterial Community Succession and Degradation Patterns of Hydrocarbons in Seawater at Low Temperature.
Wadell, H., Volume, shape, and roundness of quartz particles. J. Geol. 43:3 (1935), 250–280.
W. F. Weeks S. F. Ackley The growth, structure and properties of sea ice The Geophysics of Sea Ice N. Untersteiner Plenum Press New York 9164 1986.
Wilkinson, J.P., Boyd, T., Hagen, B., Maksym, T., Pegau, S., Roman, C., Singh, H., Zabilansky, L., Detection and quantification of oil under sea ice: the view from below. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 109 (2015), 9–17.
