[en] Turbulent exchanges under sea ice play a controlling role in ice mass balance, ice drift, biogeochemistry, and mixed layer modification. In this study, we examined the potential to measure under-ice turbulent exchanges of heat, salt, momentum, and dissolved oxygen using eddy covariance in an experimental sea ice facility. Over a 15-day period in January 2013, an underwater eddy covariance system was deployed in a large (500m3) in-ground concrete pool, which was filled with artificial seawater and exposed to the ambient (-5 to -30°C) atmosphere. Turbulent exchanges were measured continuously as ice grew from 5 to 25cm thick. Heat, momentum, and dissolved oxygen fluxes were all successfully derived. Quantification of salt fluxes was unsuccessful due to noise in the conductivity sensor, a problem which appears to be resolved in a subsequent version of the instrument. Heat fluxes during initial ice growth were directed upward at 10 to 25Wm-2. Dissolved oxygen fluxes were directed downward at rates of 5 to 50mmolm-2 d-1 throughout the experiment, at times exceeding the expected amount of oxygen rejected with the brine during ice growth. Bubble formation and dissolution was identified as one possible cause of the high fluxes. Momentum fluxes showed interesting correlations with ice growth and melt but were generally higher than expected. We concluded that with the exception of the conductivity sensor, the eddy covariance system worked well, and that useful information about turbulent exchanges under thin ice can be obtained from an experimental sea ice facility of this size.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Else, B.G.T.; Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Rysgaard, S.; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada ; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland ; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Attard, K.; Department of Biology, Nordisk Center for Jordens Udvikling (NordCEE), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Campbell, K.; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Crabeck, Odile ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) ; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Galley, R.J.; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Geilfus, N.-X.; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Lemes, M.; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Papakyriakou, T.; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Wang, F.; Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada ; Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
Language :
English
Title :
Under-ice eddy covariance flux measurements of heat, salt, momentum, and dissolved oxygen in an artificial sea ice pool
The authors wish to thank Amanda Chaulk, David Mosscrop, and the team of scientists and technicians who made the 2013 SERF experiment possible. The SERF infrastructure and underwater eddy covariance equipment was funded through grants from the Canada Foundation for Innovation . Significant financial support was provided by the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Arctic Geomicrobiology and Climate Change . This paper is a contribution to the ArcticNet and Arctic Science Partnership programs.
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