Arctic; Biogenic gas fluxes; DMS; Gas exchanges; Sea ice; Oceanography; Environmental Engineering; Ecology; Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology; Geology; Atmospheric Science
Abstract :
[en] This paper presents the first empirical estimates of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) gas fluxes across permeable sea ice in the Arctic. DMS is known to act as a major potential source of aerosols that strongly influence the Earth’s radiative balance in remote marine regions during the ice-free season. Results from a sampling campaign, undertaken in 2015 between June 2 and June 28 in the ice-covered Western Baffin Bay, revealed the presence of high algal biomass in the bottom 0.1-m section of sea ice (21 to 380 µg Chl a L–1) combined with the presence of high DMS concentrations (212–840 nmol L–1). While ice algae acted as local sources of DMS in bottom sea ice, thermohaline changes within the brine network, from gravity drainage to vertical stabilization, exerted strong control on the distribution of DMS within the interior of the ice. We estimated both the mean DMS molecular diffusion coefficient in brine (5.2 × 10–5 cm2 s–1 ± 51% relative S.D., n = 10) and the mean bulk transport coefficient within sea ice (33 × 10–5 cm2 s–1 ± 41% relative S.D., n = 10). The estimated DMS fluxes ± S.D. from the bottom ice to the atmosphere ranged between 0.47 ± 0.08 µmol m–2 d–1 (n = 5, diffusion) and 0.40 ± 0.15 µmol m–2 d–1 (n = 5, bulk transport) during the vertically stable phase. These fluxes fall within the lower range of direct summer sea-to-air DMS fluxes reported in the Arctic. Our results indicate that upward transport of DMS, from the algal-rich bottom of first-year sea ice through the permeable sea ice, may represent an important pathway for this biogenic gas toward the atmosphere in ice-covered oceans in spring and summer.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Gourdal, Margaux; Département de biologie, Québec-Océan and Unité Mixte Internationale TAKUVIK, CNRS-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Crabeck, Odile ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) ; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environment, University of East-Anglia, United Kingdom
Lizotte, Martine; Département de biologie, Québec-Océan and Unité Mixte Internationale TAKUVIK, CNRS-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Galindo, Virginie; Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
Gosselin, Michel; Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Canada
Babin, Marcel; Département de biologie, Québec-Océan and Unité Mixte Internationale TAKUVIK, CNRS-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Scarratt, Michael; Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Canada
Levasseur, Maurice; Département de biologie, Québec-Océan and Unité Mixte Internationale TAKUVIK, CNRS-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Language :
English
Title :
Upward transport of bottom-ice dimethyl sulfide during advanced melting of arctic first-year sea ice
The authors would like to start by acknowledging the highly valuable input of the two reviewers, Jean-Louis Tison and the anonymous referee, who provided very helpful comments. We warmly thank the reviewers for their work. The authors are especially indebted to Thomas Lacour, and Simon Lambert-Girard for participating in the sample collection. The authors also wish to thank Joannie Ferland for her logistical support before and during the field campaign, as well as for providing some of the chlorophyll a data. We thank Guillaume Mass\u00E9 for providing the meteorological data and some of the material used during this study. We are thankful to R\u00E9mi Amiraux for participating in the snow salinity sampling. This project would not have been possible without the support of the Hamlet of Qikiqtarjuaq and the members of the community, as well as the Inuksuit School and its Principal, Jacqueline Arsenault. The project is conducted under the scientific coordination of the Canada Excellence Research Chair on Remote Sensing of Canada\u2019s New Arctic Frontier and the CNRS and Universit\u00E9 Laval Takuvik Joint International Laboratory (UMI3376). The field campaign was successful thanks to the contributions of J. Ferland, G. B\u00E9cu, C. Marec, J. Lagunas, F. Bruyant, J. Larivi\u00E8re, E. Rehm, S. Lambert-Girard, C. Aubry, C. Lalande, A. LeBaron, C. Marty, J. Sansoulet, D. Christiansen-Stowe, A. Wells, M. Beno\u00EEt-Gagn\u00E9, E. Devred and M.-H. Forget from the Takuvik laboratory, and C.J. Mundy from University of Manitoba and F. Pinczon du Sel and E. Brossier from Vagabond. We also thank Canada Economic Development, Qu\u00E9bec-Oc\u00E9an, the CCGS Amundsen and the Polar Continental Shelf Program for their in-kind contribution in polar logistic and scientific equipment. Financial support to Margaux Gourdal during her doctoral studies was provided by scholarships from Qu\u00E9bec Oc\u00E9an, Fondation Universit\u00E9 Laval, Takuvik UMI and the Canada Excellence Chair in Remote Sensing of Canada\u2019s New Arctic Frontier (Marcel Babin/Universt\u00E9 Laval) and stipends from NETCARE and Qu\u00E9bec-Oc\u00E9an. The Green Edge project is funded by the following French and Canadian programs and agencies: ANR (Contract #111112), CNES (project #131425), IPEV (project #1164), CSA, Fondation Total, ArcticNet, LEFE and the French Arctic Initiative (GreenEdge project). Partial funding was also provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00E9bec Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) through Qu\u00E9bec-Oc\u00E9an. Funding support was also received from the Canadian Museum of Nature for cell count analysis.Financial support to Margaux Gourdal during her doctoral studies was provided by scholarships from Qu\u00E9bec Oc\u00E9an, Fondation Universit\u00E9 Laval, Takuvik UMI and the Canada Excellence Chair in Remote Sensing of Canada\u2019s New Arctic Frontier (Marcel Babin/Universt\u00E9 Laval) and stipends from NETCARE and Qu\u00E9bec-Oc\u00E9an. The Green Edge project is funded by the following French and Canadian programs and agencies: ANR (Contract #111112), CNES (project #131425), IPEV (project #1164), CSA, Fondation Total, ArcticNet, LEFE and the French Arctic Initiative (GreenEdge project). Partial funding was also provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00E9bec Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) through Qu\u00E9bec-Oc\u00E9an. Funding support was also received from the Canadian Museum of Nature for cell count analysis.
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