[en] Sea ice is difficult, expensive, and potentially dangerous to observe in nature. The remoteness of the Arctic Ocean and Southern Ocean complicates sampling logistics, while the heterogeneous nature of sea ice and rapidly changing environmental conditions present challenges for conducting process studies. Here, we describe the Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC), a laboratory facility designed to reproduce polar processes and overcome some of these challenges. The RvG-ASIC is an open-topped 3.5m3 glass tank housed in a cold room (temperature range: 55 to C30 C). The RvG-ASIC is equipped with a wide suite of instruments for ocean, sea ice, and atmospheric measurements, as well as visible and UV lighting. The infrastructure, available instruments, and typical experimental protocols are described. To characterise some of the technical capabilities of our facility, we have quantified the timescale over which our chamber exchanges gas with the outside, l D .0:660:07/ d, and the mixing rate of our experimental ocean, m D .4:2 0:1/ min. Characterising our light field, we show that the light intensity across the tank varies by less than 10% near the centre of the tank but drops to as low as 60% of the maximum intensity in one corner. The temperature sensitivity of our light sources over the 400 to 700 nm range (PAR) is .0:0280:003/Wm2 C1, with a maximum irradiance of 26.4Wm2 at 0 C; over the 320 to 380 nm range, it is .0:160:1/Wm2 C1, with a maximum irradiance of 5.6Wm2 at 0 C. We also present results characterising our experimental sea ice. The extinction coefficient for PAR varies from 3.7 to 6.1m1 when calculated from irradiance measurements exterior to the sea ice and from 4.4 to 6.2m1 when calculated from irradiance measurements within the sea ice. The bulk salinity of our experimental sea ice is measured using three techniques, modelled using a halo-dynamic one-dimensional (1D) gravity drainage model, and calculated from a salt and mass budget. The growth rate of our sea ice is between 2 and 4 cm d1 for air temperatures of .9:20:9/ C and .26:60:9/ C. The PAR extinction coefficients, vertically integrated bulk salinities, and growth rates all lie within the range of previously reported comparable values for first-year sea ice. The vertically integrated bulk salinity and growth rates can be reproduced well by a 1D model. Taken together, the similarities between our laboratory sea ice and observations in nature, as well as our ability to reproduce our results with a model, give us confidence that sea ice grown in the RvG-ASIC is a good representation of natural sea ice.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Thomas, Max ; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
France, James ; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom ; British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
Crabeck, Odile ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS) ; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom ; Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
Hall, Benjamin; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Hof, Verena; Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Notz, Dirk ; Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany ; Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Rampai, Tokoloho; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Riemenschneider, Leif; Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
John Tooth, Oliver; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
Tranter, Mathilde; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
Kaiser, Jan ; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
Language :
English
Title :
The Roland von Glasow Air-Sea-Ice Chamber (RvG-ASIC): An experimental facility for studying ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere interactions
Acknowledgements. Roland von Glasow was instrumental in the design, construction, and scientific vision of the facility. Thanks to Bill Sturges, Dorothee Bakker, Martin Vancoppenolle, and Finlo Cottier for their time and scientific input to the RvG-ASIC. Jeremey Wilkinson and Martin King provided much useful advice and loaned us equipment. Thanks also to the technical support at UEA: Andy Macdonald, Stuart Rix, Dave Blomfield, Nick Griffin, Gareth Flowerdue, Ben McLeod, and Nick Garrard. This work received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-2007-2013, grant agreement no. 616938) and the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme through the EUROCHAMP-2020 Infrastructure Activity under grant agreement no. 730997, as well as the University of East Anglia. Oliver Tooth, and Mathilde Tranter were supported by an internship granted by the Environmental Sciences department at UEA.Financial support. This research has been supported by the Eu-
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