[en] Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine cryosphere are poorly understood. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the uptake, distribution, and release of 10 PFAS of varying carbon chain length (C4-C12) in young sea ice grown from artificial seawater (NaClsolution). We show that PFAS are incorporated into bulk sea ice during ice formation and regression analyses for individual PFAS concentrations in bulk sea ice were linearly related to salinity (r2 = 0.30 to 0.88, n = 18, p < 0.05). This shows that their distribution is strongly governed by the presence and dynamics of brine (high salinity water) within the sea ice. Furthermore, long-chain PFAS (C8-C12), were enriched in bulk ice up to 3-fold more than short-chain PFAS (C4-C7) and NaCl. This suggests that chemical partitioning of PFAS between the different phases of sea ice also plays a role in their uptake during its formation. During sea ice melt, initial meltwater fractions were highly saline and predominantly contained short-chain PFAS, whereas the later, fresher meltwater fractions predominantly contained long-chain PFAS. Our results demonstrate that in highly saline parts of sea ice (near the upper and lower interfaces and in brine channels) significant chemical enrichment (ε) of PFAS can occur with concentrations in brine channels greatly exceeding those in seawater from which it forms (e.g., for PFOA, εbrine = 10 ± 4). This observation has implications for biological exposure to PFAS present in brine channels, a common feature of first-year sea ice which is the dominant ice type in a warming Arctic.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Garnett, Jack ; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
Halsall, Crispin; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
Thomas, Max; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand 9054, New Zealand
Crabeck, Odile ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch (FOCUS) ; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
France, James; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom ; British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom ; Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
Joerss, Hanna ; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Ebinghaus, Ralf; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Kaiser, Jan; Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
Leeson, Amber; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
Wynn, Peter M; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
Language :
English
Title :
Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber.
BAS - British Antarctic Survey BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung NERC - Natural Environment Research Council EU - European Union
Funding text :
J.G.\u2019s PhD (NE/L002604/1) was funded through NERC\u2019s ENVISION Doctoral Training Centre. This work resulted from the EISPAC project (NE/R012857/1), part of the Changing Arctic Ocean programme, jointly funded by the UKRI Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The authors are grateful to the British Antarctic Survey for providing funding (British Antarctic Survey Collaboration Voucher) to cover the running costs of the RvG-ASIC facility for the duration of the experimental period. This work has received funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme through the EUROCHAMP-2020 Infrastructure Activity under grant agreement No 730997. The authors would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers whose insightful comments helped improve this manuscript.
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