The Digital Infrastructures of Illegal Border Crossings: Solidarity Actors and Networks in the Arabic and Persian Speaking Virtual Spheres

Abstract
This article explores overlooked strategies and self-determination practices among Iranian, Afghans and Moroccan citizens planning irregular migration to Europe. While the migration studies literature often focuses on state use of digital technology for border surveillance, its role in facilitating unauthorized crossings is emerging. Through digital ethnography on Arabic- and Persian-speaking virtual platforms where people discuss European border crossings, this paper challenges conventional perspectives on smugglers and solidarity within these networks. It reveals a nuanced moral economy of smuggling, displaying migrants’ agency and tactical decision-making within the broader framework of migration autonomy theory.