[en] Circumbinary planets, those that orbit around both stars of a central binary star system, challenge our understanding of planet formation. With only 12 binary systems known to host circumbinary planets, identifying more of these planets, along with their physical properties, could help to discern some of the physical processes that govern planet formation. Here we analyse radial-velocity data obtained by the HARPS and ESPRESSO spectrographs and report the detection of BEBOP-1 c, a gas giant planet with a mass of 65.2 ± 11.8 Earth masses (M ⊕) orbiting around both stars of an eclipsing binary star system with a period of 215.5 ± 3.3 days. The system TOI-1338, hereafter referred to as BEBOP-1, which also hosts the smaller and inner transiting planet TOI-1338 b, is only the second confirmed multiplanetary circumbinary system. We do not detect TOI-1338 b with radial-velocity data alone, and we can place an upper limit on its mass of 21.8 M ⊕ with 99% confidence. TOI-1338 b is amenable to atmospheric characterization using JWST, so the BEBOP-1 system has the potential to act as a benchmark for circumbinary exo-atmospheric studies.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Standing, Matthew R. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom ; School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Sairam, Lalitha; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Martin, David V. ; Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
Triaud, Amaury H. M. J. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Correia, Alexandre C. M. ; CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Université, Paris, France
Coleman, Gavin A. L.; Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Baycroft, Thomas A. ; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Kunovac, Vedad ; Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, United States ; Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, United States
Cameron, Andrew Collier ; Centre for Exoplanet Science/SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Dransfield, Georgina; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Faria, João P. ; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Hara, Nathan C.; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Hellier, Coel; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
Howard, Jonathan; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Lane, Ellie; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Mardling, Rosemary; School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Monash, Australia
Maxted, Pierre F. L.; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
Miller, Nicola J.; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
Nelson, Richard P. ; Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Orosz, Jerome A. ; Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
Pepe, Franscesco; Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
We would like to thank the ESO staff at La Silla and Paranal for their continued support throughout this work, especially through the COVID-19 pandemic, with special thanks to our ESPRESSO support astronomer M. Wittkowski. We also thank all of the observers who took part in the HARPS timeshare and were instrumental in collecting data for this project. We particularly thank X. Dumusque and F. Bouchy for their work in organizing the timeshare. This Article is based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programmes 103.2024, 106.216B, 1101.C-0721 and 106.212H. This research has made use of the services of the ESO Science Archive Facility. A.H.M.J.T. received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 803193/BEBOP) and from the Leverhulme Trust (research project no. RPG-2018-418) to conduct this research. M.R.S. would like to acknowledge the support of the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under grant number ST/T000295/1. A.C.M.C. acknowledges support from CFisUC (grant nos. UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020), GRAVITY (grant no. PTDC/FIS-AST/7002/2020), PHOBOS (grant no. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029932) and ENGAGE SKA (grant no. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022217), funded by COMPETE 2020 and FCT, Portugal. The stability maps were performed at the OBLIVION Supercomputer (HPC Center \u2212 University of \u00C9vora), funded by ENGAGE SKA and by the BigData@UE project (grant no. ALT20-03-0246-FEDER-000033). Support for D.V.M. was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant no. HF2-51464 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract no. NAS5-26555. D.V.M. is a NASA Sagan Fellow. V.K. acknowledges support from NSF award no. AST2009501. A.S. received funding from the French government under the \u2018France 2030\u2019 investment plan managed by the French National Research Agency (reference nos. ANR-16-CONV-000X/ANR-17-EURE-00XX) and from Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University\u2013A*MIDEX (reference no. AMX-21-IET-018). This work was supported by the \u2018Programme National de Plan\u00E9tologie\u2019 (PNP) of CNRS/INSU. J.P.F. received support in the form of a work contract funded by national funds through Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia (FCT) with reference no. DL57/2016/CP1364/CT0005. A.C.C. acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant nos. ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant no. ST/R003203/1. M.G. is an FNRS Senior Research Associate. R.P.N. and G.A.L.C. utilized Queen Mary\u2019s Apocrita HPC facility, supported by QMUL Research-IT ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.438045 ). This work was performed using the DiRAC Data Intensive service at Leicester, operated by the University of Leicester IT Services, which forms part of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility ( www.dirac.ac.uk ). The equipment was funded by BEIS capital funding via STFC capital grant nos. ST/K000373/1 and ST/R002363/1 and STFC DiRAC Operations grant no. ST/R001014/1. DiRAC is part of the National e-Infrastructure.
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