A Standardized, Three-Dimensional Cropping Protocol for Analyzing the Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus.

3D surface; activity‐related skeletal changes; entheseal changes; humeral medial epicondyle; standardized cropping; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Male; Female; Anatomic Landmarks/anatomy & histology; Humerus/anatomy & histology; Humerus/diagnostic imaging; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/standards; Anatomic Landmarks; Humerus; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Anatomy; Anthropology

Abstract :

[en] [en] OBJECTIVES: The medial epicondyle of the humerus has been considered particularly relevant for investigating past activity-related skeletal changes. Yet, the characterization of these skeletal changes on the humerus has been challenging. This study introduces a semi-automated cropping protocol to standardize the analysis of this anatomical region and its entheseal surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A landmark-based cropping protocol was established in 3DSlicer to capture the region of interest, identified based on anatomical literature. Before applying this protocol, mesh resolution and orientation were standardized. Repeatability and reproducibility were assessed in 20 humeri through landmark placement precision and cropped model surface area. RESULTS: The final cropped surface effectively encompassed the entire entheseal region. Mean landmark distances were mostly below 1 mm for intra-observer comparisons and more variable (between < 1 and 4 mm) for inter-observer comparisons. Distance-based Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (dICC) were all above 0.99. Mean percentage errors between surface areas were predominantly below 5%, with the highest value at 10.39%. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and Lin's Correlation Coefficient values all exceeded 0.94. DISCUSSION: The proposed protocol offers a holistic approach to studying entheseal changes at the medial epicondyle while accommodating morphological variation. Despite some subjectivity in landmark placement, the statistical results for both landmark placement and surface area found the method's observer error to be among the lowest in comparable studies. This method provides a valuable tool for examining entheseal surface changes and morphology, with the potential, pending experimental validation, to support research on reconstructing physical activity, pathological conditions, and human evolutionary adaptation.

Disciplines :

Archaeology

Author, co-author :

Liagre, Elle B K ; PACEA UMR 5199, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, Pessac, France

Remy, Floriane; PACEA UMR 5199, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, Pessac, France

Villotte, Sébastien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences historiques ; UMR 7206 Éco-Anthropologie, CNRS, MNHN, Université Paris Cité. Musée de L'homme, Paris, France ; Quaternary Environments & Humans, OD Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

Knüsel, Christopher J; PACEA UMR 5199, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, Pessac, France

Language :

English

Title :

A Standardized, Three-Dimensional Cropping Protocol for Analyzing the Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus.

Publication date :

August 2025

Journal title :

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

eISSN :

2692-7691

Publisher :

John Wiley and Sons Inc, United States

Volume :

187

Issue :

Pages :

e70100

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ajpa.70100

Funders :

Université de Bordeaux

Funding text :

Funding: This work was supported by the Universit\u00E9 de Bordeaux, IdEx Investments for the Future program/GPR Human Past. Elle B. K. Liagre would like to thank the Slicer community for their valuable advice and assistance, which contributed to the successful completion of this work. This study received financial support from the French government in the framework of the University of Bordeaux's IdEx \u201CInvestments for the Future\u201D program/GPR \u201CHuman Past\u201D.

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since 18 November 2025

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