augmented reality; camera calibration; compositing; computer vision; segmentation; sports; Advertizing; Compositing; Digital contents; End to end; Segmentation; Specialized hardware; Virtual overlay; Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition; Electrical and Electronic Engineering; banner replacement; Soccer; Football
Abstract :
[en] Augmented reality has been used in sports broadcasting since the 1990s to enhance viewer engagement through virtual overlays. A key application is virtual advertising, which replaces physical advertisement banners with dynamic digital content, enabling targeted and regionspecific advertisements. This technology optimizes advertising space and increases monetization opportunities for broadcasters. However, traditional augmented reality solutions require specialized hardware, such as instrumented cameras and virtual-ready LED panels, along with manual calibration and prior environmental knowledge. These constraints make its implementation costly and less adaptative. In this work, we propose a first fully automated end-to-end pipeline that seamlessly integrates augmented reality advertising into sports broadcasts using only the main camera feed. Our approach leverages state-of-the-art deep neural networks to identify the advertisement banner, estimate camera motion, and dynamically composite virtual content without additional hardware or manual intervention. We validate our pipeline on football broadcasts using our novel SoccerNet-banner dataset, the first dataset for training and evaluating banner segmentation models, and demonstrate high-quality virtual banner replacement on SoccerNet videos. Therefore, our pipeline unlocks new possibilities for personalized content and advances AI-powered sports broadcasting by eliminating hardware dependencies and manual calibration. Our code and dataset are available at https://github.com/SoccerNet/snbanner.
Research Center/Unit :
Montefiore Institute - Montefiore Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science - ULiège TELIM VIULab
Disciplines :
Electrical & electronics engineering
Author, co-author :
Gaspar, Victor; University of Liege, Belgium
Cioppa, Anthony ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Montefiore Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Held, Jan ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Montefiore Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ; Kaust, Saudi Arabia
Giancola, Silvio; Kaust, Saudi Arabia
Braham, Marc; University of Liege, Belgium
Deliège, Adrien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'électricité, électronique et informatique (Institut Montefiore) > Télécommunications
Ghanem, Bernard; Kaust, Saudi Arabia
Van Droogenbroeck, Marc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'électricité, électronique et informatique (Institut Montefiore) > Télécommunications
Language :
English
Title :
An End-To-End Pipeline for Virtual Banner Replacement in Football Broadcasts
Publication date :
June 2025
Event name :
2025 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW)
J. Held and A. Deliège are funded by the F.R.S.-FNRS. This work was partly funded, initially, by the European VIBBRE Project from the Eurostars programme (grant No. 12347). This work is supported by the KAUST Center of Excellence for Generative AI under award number 5940.
Miguel. Alemán-Flores, Luis Alvarez, Luis Gómez, Pedro Henriquez, and Luis Mazorra. Camera calibration in sport event scenarios. Pattern Recognit., 47 (1): 89-95, Jan. 2014.
Peter Andrews, Oda Elise Nordberg, Stephanie Zubicueta Portales, Njal Borch, Frode Guribye, Kazuyuki Fujita, and Morten Fjeld. AiCommentator: A multimodal conversational agent for embedded visualization in football viewing. In Int. Conf. Intell. User Interfaces, page 14-34, Greenville, SC, USA, Mar. 2024.
Adrià Arbués Sangüesa, Adriàn Martín, Javier Fernández, Coloma Ballester, and Gloria Haro. Using player's bodyorientation to model pass feasibility in soccer. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 3875-3884, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2020.
Associated Press. Why advertisers are paying record prices to get your attention during this year's Super Bowl. https://apnews. com/article/super-bowl-ads-commercials-pepsi-budfox-04ec2eddd72bb7569abad6afc1475655, Jan. 2025.
Bruno Cabado, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Andrés Villa, Bertha Guijarro-Berdiñas, Emilio J. Padrón, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. Beyond the Premier: Assessing action spotting transfer capability across diverse domains. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), volume 27, pages 3386-3398, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2024.
Bowen Cheng, Ross Girshick, Piotr Dollar, Alexander C. Berg, and Alexander Kirillov. Boundary IoU: Improving object-centric image segmentation evaluation. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), pages 15329-15337, Nashville, TN, USA, Jun. 2021.
Bowen Cheng, Ishan Misra, Alexander G. Schwing, Alexander Kirillov, and Rohit Girdhar. Masked-attention mask transformer for universal image segmentation. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), pages 1280-1289, New Orleans, LA, USA, Jun. 2022.
Anthony Cioppa, Adrien Deliège, Silvio Giancola, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. Scaling up Soccer-Net with multi-view spatial localization and re-identification. Sci. Data, 9 (1): 1-9, Jun. 2022.
Anthony Cioppa, Adrien Deliège, Silvio Giancola, Bernard Ghanem, Marc Van Droogenbroeck, Rikke Gade, and Thomas B. Moeslund. A context-aware loss function for action spotting in soccer videos. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), pages 13123-13133, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2020.
Anthony Cioppa, Adrien Deliège, Silvio Giancola, Floriane Magera, Olivier Barnich, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. Camera calibration and player localization in SoccerNet-v2 and investigation of their representations for action spotting. In IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), CVsports, pages 4532-4541, Nashville, TN, USA, Jun. 2021.
Anthony Cioppa, Adrien Deliege, Maxime Istasse, Christophe De Vleeschouwer, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. ARTHuS: Adaptive real-time human segmentation in sports through online distillation. In IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), CVsports, pages 2505-2514, Long Beach, CA, USA, Jun. 2019.
Anthony Cioppa, Adrien Deliège, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. A bottom-up approach based on semantics for the interpretation of the main camera stream in soccer games. In IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), CVsports, pages 1846-1855, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, Jun. 2018.
Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Adrien Deliege, Le Kang, Xin Zhou, Zhiyu Cheng, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. SoccerNet-tracking: Multiple object tracking dataset and benchmark in soccer videos. In IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), CVsports, pages 3490-3501, New Orleans, LA, USA, Jun. 2022.
Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Vladimir Somers, Victor Joos, Floriane Magera, Jan Held, Seyed Abolfazl Ghasemzadeh, Xin Zhou, Karolina Seweryn, Mateusz Kowalczyk, Zuzanna Mróz, Szymon Lukasik, Michal Halón, Hassan Mkhallati, Adrien Deliège, Carlos Hinojosa, Karen Sanchez, Amir M. Mansourian, Pierre Miralles, Olivier Barnich, Christophe De Vleeschouwer, Alexandre Alahi, Bernard Ghanem, Marc Van Droogenbroeck, Adam Gorski, Albert Clapés, Andrei Boiarov, Anton Afanasiev, Artur Xarles, Atom Scott, ByoungKwon Lim, Calvin Yeung, Cristian Gonzalez, Dominic Rüfenacht, Enzo Pacilio, Fabian Deuser, Faisal Sami Altawijri, Francisco Cachón, HanKyul Kim, Haobo Wang, Hyeonmin Choe, Hyunwoo J. Kim, Il-Min Kim, Jae-Mo Kang, Jamshid Tursunboev, Jian Yang, Jihwan Hong, Jimin Lee, Jing Zhang, Junseok Lee, Kexin Zhang, Konrad Habel, Licheng Jiao, Linyi Li, Marc Gutiérrez-Pérez, Marcelo Ortega, Menglong Li, Milosz Lopatto, Nikita Kasatkin, Nikolay Nemtsev, Norbert Oswald, Oleg Udin, Pavel Kononov, Pei Geng, Saad Ghazai Alotaibi, Sehyung Kim, Sergei Ulasen, Sergio Escalera, Shanshan Zhang, Shuyuan Yang, Sunghwan Moon, Thomas B. Moeslund, Vasyl Shandyba, Vladimir Golovkin, Wei Dai, WonTaek Chung, Xinyu Liu, Yongqiang Zhu, Youngseo Kim, Yuan Li, Yuting Yang, Yuxuan Xiao, Zehua Cheng, and Zhihao Li. SoccerNet 2024 challenges results. arXiv, abs/2409. 10587, 2024.
Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Vladimir Somers, Floriane Magera, Xin Zhou, Hassan Mkhallati, Adrien Deliège, Jan Held, Carlos Hinojosa, Amir M. Mansourian, Pierre Miralles, Olivier Barnich, Christophe De Vleeschouwer, Alexandre Alahi, Bernard Ghanem, Marc Van Droogenbroeck, Abdullah Kamal, Adrien Maglo, Albert Clapés, Amr Abdelaziz, Artur Xarles, Astrid Orcesi, Atom Scott, Bin Liu, Byoungkwon Lim, Chen Chen, Fabian Deuser, Feng Yan, Fufu Yu, Gal Shitrit, Guanshuo Wang, Gyusik Choi, Hankyul Kim, Hao Guo, Hasby Fahrudin, Hidenari Koguchi, Hakan Ardö, Ibrahim Salah, Ido Yerushalmy, Iftikar Muhammad, Ikuma Uchida, Ishay Be'ery, Jaonary Rabarisoa, Jeongae Lee, Jiajun Fu, Jianqin Yin, Jinghang Xu, Jongho Nang, Julien Denize, Junjie Li, Junpei Zhang, Juntae Kim, Kamil Synowiec, Kenji Kobayashi, Kexin Zhang, Konrad Habel, Kota Nakajima, Licheng Jiao, Lin Ma, Lizhi Wang, Luping Wang, Menglong Li, Mengying Zhou, Mohamed Nasr, Mohamed Abdelwahed, Mykola Liashuha, Nikolay Falaleev, Norbert Oswald, Qiong Jia, Quoc-Cuong Pham, Ran Song, Romain Hérault, Rui Peng, Ruilong Chen, Ruixuan Liu, Ruslan Baikulov, Ryuto Fukushima, Sergio Escalera, Seungcheon Lee, Shimin Chen, Shouhong Ding, Taiga Someya, Thomas B. Moeslund, Tianjiao Li, Wei Shen, Wei Zhang, Wei Li, Wei Dai, Weixin Luo, Wending Zhao, Wenjie Zhang, Xinquan Yang, Yanbiao Ma, Yeeun Joo, Yingsen Zeng, Yiyang Gan, Yongqiang Zhu, Yujie Zhong, Zheng Ruan, Zhiheng Li, Zhijian Huang, and Ziyu Meng. SoccerNet 2023 challenges results. Sports Eng., 27 (2): 1-18, July 2024.
Filip Cleeren. AI replays and more augmented reality: What's new for F1's TV coverage in 2023. https://www. motorsport. com/f1/news/ai-replaysand-more-augmented-reality-whats-newfor-f1s-tv-coverage-in-2023/10439326/, Mar. 2023.
Marius Cordts, Mohamed Omran, Sebastian Ramos, Timo Rehfeld, Markus Enzweiler, Rodrigo Benenson, Uwe Franke, Stefan Roth, and Bernt Schiele. The cityscapes dataset for semantic urban scene understanding. In IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), pages 3213-3223, Las Vegas, NV, USA, Jun. 2016.
Mohamad Dalal, Artur Xarles, Sivlio Giancola, Anthony Cioppa, Sergio Escalera, Thomas B. Moeslund, Marc Van Droogenbroeck, Bernard Ghanem, and Clapés Albert. Action anticipation from soccernet football video broadcasts. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), Nashville, TN, USA, Jun. 2025.
Adrien Deliège, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Meisam J. Seikavandi, Jacob V. Dueholm, Kamal Nasrollahi, Bernard Ghanem, Thomas B. Moeslund, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. SoccerNet-v2: A dataset and benchmarks for holistic understanding of broadcast soccer videos. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 4503-4514, Nashville, TN, USA, Jun. 2021.
Elan Dubrofsky and Robert J. Woodham. Combining line and point correspondences for homography estimation. In Adv. Vis. Comput., volume 5339 of Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., pages 202-213, 2008.
Nikolay Falaleev. Top-1 solution of Soccer-Net camera calibration challenge 2023. https://github. com/NikolasEnt/soccernet-calibration-sportlight, Jun. 2023.
Nikolay S. Falaleev and Ruilong Chen. Enhancing soccer camera calibration through keypoint exploitation. In Int. ACM Work. Multimedia Content Anal. Sports (MMSports), volume 6, pages 65-73, Melbourne, Victoria, Aust., Oct. 2024.
Dirk Farin, Susanne Krabbe, Peter H. N. de With, and Wolfgang Effelsberg. Robust camera calibration for sport videos using court models. In Storage and Retrieval Methods and Applications for Multimedia, volume 5307 of Proc. SPIE, pages 1-12, San Jose, CA, USA, 2004.
Eric Fisher. The NBA is wisely opening up its SportVU data to fans and media outlets. https://www. sportsbusinessjournal. com/Daily/Issues/2016/01/20/Technology/the-nbais-wisely-opening-up-its-sportvu-datato-fans-and-media-outlets/, Jan. 2016.
Keisuke Fujii. Machine Learning in Sports: Open Approach for Next Play Analytics. Springerbriefs Comput. Sci. Springer Nat. Singap., 2025.
Sushant Gautam, Cise Midoglu, Saeed Shafiee Sabet, Dinesh Baniya Kshatri, and Pal Halvorsen. Soccer game summarization using audio commentary, metadata, and captions. In Work. User-centric Narrat. Summ. Long Videos (narsum), pages 13-22, Lisboa Portugal, Oct. 2022.
Silvio Giancola, Mohieddine Amine, Tarek Dghaily, and Bernard Ghanem. SoccerNet: A scalable dataset for action spotting in soccer videos. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 1792-179210, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, Jun. 2018.
Silvio Giancola, Anthony Cioppa, Adrien Deliège, Floriane Magera, Vladimir Somers, Le Kang, Xin Zhou, Olivier Barnich, Christophe De Vleeschouwer, Alexandre Alahi, Bernard Ghanem, Marc Van Droogenbroeck, Abdulrahman Darwish, Adrien Maglo, Albert Clapés, Andreas Luyts, Andrei Boiarov, Artur Xarles, Astrid Orcesi, Avijit Shah, Baoyu Fan, Bharath Comandur, Chen Chen, Chen Zhang, Chen Zhao, Chengzhi Lin, Cheuk-Yiu Chan, Chun Chuen Hui, Dengjie Li, Fan Yang, Fan Liang, Fang Da, Feng Yan, Fufu Yu, Guanshuo Wang, H. Anthony Chan, He Zhu, Hongwei Kan, Jiaming Chu, Jianming Hu, Jianyang Gu, Jin Chen, João V. B. Soares, Jonas Theiner, Jorge De Corte, José Henrique Brito, Jun Zhang, Junjie Li, Junwei Liang, Leqi Shen, Lin Ma, Lingchi Chen, Miguel Santos Marques, Mike Azatov, Nikita Kasatkin, Ning Wang, Qiong Jia, Quoc Cuong Pham, Ralph Ewerth, Ran Song, Rengang Li, Rikke Gade, Ruben Debien, Runze Zhang, Sangrok Lee, Sergio Escalera, Shan Jiang, Shigeyuki Odashima, Shimin Chen, Shoichi Masui, Shouhong Ding, Sin-wai Chan, Siyu Chen, Tallal El-Shabrawy, Tao He, Thomas B. Moeslund, Wan-Chi Siu, Wei Zhang, Wei Li, Xiangwei Wang, Xiao Tan, Xiaochuan Li, Xiaolin Wei, Xiaoqing Ye, Xing Liu, Xinying Wang, Yandong Guo, Yaqian Zhao, Yi Yu, Yingying Li, Yue He, Yujie Zhong, Zhenhua Guo, and Zhiheng Li. SoccerNet 2022 challenges results. In Int. ACM Work. Multimedia Content Anal. Sports (MMSports), pages 75-86, Lisbon, Port., Oct. 2022.
Silvio Giancola, Anthony Cioppa, Julia Georgieva, Johsan Billingham, Andreas Serner, Kerry Peek, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. Towards active learning for action spotting in association football videos. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 5098-5108, Vancouver, Can., Jun. 2023.
Silvio Giancola, Anthony Cioppa, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. Deep learning for action spotting in association football videos. arXiv, abs/2410. 01304, 2024.
Marc Gutiérrez-Pérez and Antonio Agudo. No bells, just whistles: Sports field registration by leveraging geometric properties. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 3325-3334, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2024.
Marc Gutiérrez-Pérez and Antonio Agudo. PnLCalib: Sports field registration via points and lines optimization. arXiv, abs/2404. 08401, 2024.
Jan Held, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Elaf Almahmoud, Katherine M. Collins, Umang Bhatt, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. Enhancing football refereeing with AI: VARS and X-VARS for assisted decision-making. In MathSport Conference, Luxembourg, Jun. 2025.
Jan Held, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Abdullah Hamdi, Christel Devue, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. Towards AI-powered video assistant referee system (VARS) for association football. arXiv, abs/2407. 12483, 2024.
Jan Held, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Abdullah Hamdi, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. VARS: Video assistant referee system for automated soccer decision making from multiple views. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 5086-5097, Vancouver, Can., Jun. 2023.
Jan Held, Hani Itani, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. X-VARS: Introducing explainability in football refereeing with multimodal large language models. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 3267-3279, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2024.
Jan Held, Renaud Vandeghen, Abdullah Hamdi, Adrien Deliège, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Andrea Vedaldi, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. 3D convex splatting: Radiance field rendering with 3D smooth convexes. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Nashville, TN, USA, Jun. 2025.
Yutaro Honda, Rei Kawakami, Ryota Yoshihashi, Kenta Kato, and Takeshi Naemura. Pass receiver prediction in soccer using video and players' trajectories. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 3502-3511, New Orleans, LA, USA, Jun. 2022.
James Hong, Haotian Zhang, Michäel Gharbi, Matthew Fisher, and Kayvon Fatahalian. Spotting temporally precise, fine-grained events in video. In Eur. Conf. Comput. Vis. (ECCV), volume 13695 of Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., pages 33-51, Tel Aviv, Isräel, 2022.
immersiv. io. Augmented reality live experience with the F1 & TF1. https://www. immersiv. io/portfolio/formula-1-tf1-ar/.
Bernhard Kerbl, Georgios Kopanas, Thomas Leimkuehler, and George Drettakis. 3D Gaussian splatting for real-time radiance field rendering. ACM Trans. Graph., 42 (4): 1-14, Jul. 2023.
Alexander Kirillov, Yuxin Wu, Kaiming He, and Ross Girshick. PointRend: Image segmentation as rendering. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), pages 9796-9805, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2020.
Arnaud Leduc, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. SoccerNet-Depth: A scalable dataset for monocular depth estimation in sports videos. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), volume 12, pages 3280-3282, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2024.
Sacha Lewin, Maxime Vandegar, Thomas Hoyoux, Olivier Barnich, and Gilles Louppe. Dynamic NeRFs for soccer scenes. In Int. ACM Work. Multimedia Content Anal. Sports (MMSports), pages 113-121, Ottawa, Ontario, Can., Oct. 2023.
Tica Lin, Zhutian Chen, Yalong Yang, Daniele Chiappalupi, Johanna Beyer, and Hanspeter Pfister. The quest for omnioculars: Embedded visualization for augmenting basketball game viewing experiences. arXiv, abs/2209. 00202, 2022.
Floriane Magera, Thomas Hoyoux, Olivier Barnich, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. A universal protocol to benchmark camera calibration for sports. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 3335-3346, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2024.
Floriane Magera, Thomas Hoyoux, Olivier Barnich, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. BroadTrack: Broadcast camera tracking for soccer. In IEEE/CVF Winter Conf. Appl. Comput. Vis. (WACV), pages 6177-6187, Tucson, AZ, USA, Feb. 2025.
Floriane Magera, Thomas Hoyoux, Martin Castin, Olivier Barnich, Anthony Cioppa, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. Can geometry save central views for sports field registration? In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), Nashville, TN, USA, Jun. 2025.
Adrien Maglo, Astrid Orcesi, and Quoc-Cuong Pham. Efficient tracking of team sport players with few game-specific annotations. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 3460-3470, New Orleans, LA, USA, Jun. 2022.
Amir M. Mansourian, Vladimir Somers, Christophe De Vleeschouwer, and Shohreh Kasaei. Multi-task learning for joint re-identification, team affiliation, and role classification for sports visual tracking. In Int. ACMWork. Multimedia Content Anal. Sports (MMSports), page 103-112, Ottawa, Ontario, Can., Oct. 2023.
Cise Midoglu, Saeed Shafiee Sabet, Mehdi Houshmand Sarkhoosh, Mohammad Majidi, Sushant Gautam, Hakon Maric Solberg, Tomas Kupka, and Pal Halvorsen. AI-based sports highlight generation for social media. In Proceedings of the Mile-High Video Conference, page 7-13, Denver, Colorado, USA, Feb. 2024.
Ben Mildenhall, Pratul P. Srinivasan, Matthew Tancik, Jonathan T. Barron, Ravi Ramamoorthi, and Ren Ng. NeRF. Commun. ACM, 65 (1): 99-106, Dec. 2021.
Hassan Mkhallati, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Bernard Ghanem, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. SoccerNet-caption: Dense video captioning for soccer broadcasts commentaries. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 5074-5085, Vancouver, Can., Jun. 2023.
Huihui Pan, Yuanduo Hong, Weichao Sun, and Yisong Jia. Deep dual-resolution networks for real-time and accurate semantic segmentation of traffic scenes. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 24 (3): 3448-3460, Mar. 2023.
PTF Lab. What is virtual advertising & how it's changing the game? https://ptf-lab. com/tpost/bhhal5ggy1-what-is-virtual-advertisinghow-its-chan, Nov. 2024.
Jiayuan Rao, Haoning Wu, Hao Jiang, Ya Zhang, Yanfeng Wang, and Weidi Xie. Towards universal soccer video understanding. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), Nashville, TN, USA, Jun. 2025.
Konstantinos Rematas, Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, Brian Curless, and Steve Seitz. Soccer on your tabletop. In IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. (CVPR), pages 4738-4747, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, Jun. 2018.
Karolina Seweryn, Gabriel Chéc, Szymon Lukasik, and Anna Wróblewska. Improving object detection quality in football through super-resolution techniques. arXiv, abs/2402. 00163, 2024.
Karolina Seweryn, Anna Wróblewska, and Szymon Lukasik. Survey of action recognition, spotting and spatio-temporal localization in soccer-current trends and research perspectives. arXiv, abs/2309. 12067, 2023.
João V. B. Soares and Avijit Shah. Action spotting using dense detection anchors revisited: Submission to the Soccer-Net challenge 2022. arXiv, abs/2206. 07846, 2022.
João V. B. Soares, Avijit Shah, and Topojoy Biswas. Temporally precise action spotting in soccer videos using dense detection anchors. In IEEE Int. Conf. Image Process. (ICIP), pages 2796-2800, Bordeaux, France, Oct. 2022.
Vladimir Somers, Christophe De Vleeschouwer, and Alexandre Alahi. Body part-based representation learning for occluded person Re-Identification. In IEEE/CVF Winter Conf. Appl. Comput. Vis. (WACV), pages 1613-1623, Waikoloa, HI, USA, Jan. 2023.
Vladimir Somers, Victor Joos, Anthony Cioppa, Silvio Giancola, Seyed Abolfazl Ghasemzadeh, Floriane Magera, Baptiste Standaert, Amir M. Mansourian, Xin Zhou, Shohreh Kasaei, Bernard Ghanem, Alexandre Alahi, Marc Van Droogenbroeck, and Christophe De Vleeschouwer. SoccerNet game state reconstruction: End-to-end athlete tracking and identification on a minimap. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 3293-3305, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2024.
Supponor. Making virtual advertising a reality. https://supponor. com/air/, 2025.
uniqFEED. Virtual advertising solutions for football. https://www. uniqfeed. com/our-solutions/football, 2025.
Gabriel Van Zandycke and Christophe De Vleeschouwer. 3D ball localization from a single calibrated image. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 3471-3479, New Orleans, LA, USA, Jun. 2022.
Renaud Vandeghen, Anthony Cioppa, and Marc Van Droogenbroeck. Semi-supervised training to improve player and ball detection in soccer. In IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), CVsports, pages 3480-3489, New Orleans, LA, USA, Jun. 2022.
Vox. How the NFL's magic yellow line works. YouTube video: https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=1Oqm6eO6deU, Feb. 2016.
Artur Xarles, Sergio Escalera, Thomas B. Moeslund, and Albert Clapés. T-DEED: Temporal-discriminability enhancer encoder-decoder for precise event spotting in sports videos. In IEEE/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit. Work. (CVPRW), pages 3410-3419, Seattle, WA, USA, Jun. 2024.
Enze Xie, Wenhai Wang, Zhiding Yu, Anima Anandkumar, Jose M. Alvarez, and Ping Luo. SegFormer: Simple and efficient design for semantic segmentation with transformers. In Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NeurIPS), volume 34, pages 12077-12090, 2021.
