[en] Nitrates are widely present in aquatic ecosystems, posing a threat to the environment and human health. Heterotrophic denitrification using plant-based biomaterials has emerged as an effective method for removing nitrates from contaminated waters. This study investigates the mechanisms and influencing factors of heterotrophic denitrification, using acorn cups as a plant-derived solid organic carbon source for denitrifying bacteria. The results highlight the distinctive characteristics of acorn cups, their effectiveness in supporting bacterial denitrification, and their notable physical stability. The results of analyses conducted using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence revealed a high carbon content and the presence of trace elements, which provide essential nutrients for denitrifying bacteria. In addition, scanning electron microscopy revealed a highly porous structure that enhances microbial adhesion. This lowcost, underutilised biomaterial often considered a by-product demonstrated strong denitrification efficiency, achieving a nitrate removal rate of 95.38 ± 0.13 % at neutral pH and up to 99.72 ± 0.17 % under high biomass conditions. Based on these results, it can be concluded that acorn cups represent a technically, economically, and environmentally promising solution for biological denitrification.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy Chemistry
Author, co-author :
Si Smail, Selma ; Laboratory of Materials and Environmental Sciences (LSDME), Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria ; Unit Research Materials, Processes and Environment (URMPE), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University M'Hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria ; Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
Lemlikchi, Wahiba; Laboratory of Materials and Environmental Sciences (LSDME), Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Algiers 1, Algiers, Algeria ; Unit Research Materials, Processes and Environment (URMPE), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University M'Hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria ; Fauconnier Marie Laure
Benbelkacem, Ouardia; Unit Research Materials, Processes and Environment (URMPE), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University M'Hamed Bougara, Boumerdes, Algeria
Fauconnier, Marie-Laure ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Chemistry for Sustainable Food and Environmental Systems (CSFES) ; Fauconnier Marie Laure
Language :
English
Title :
Heterotrophic denitrification for the simultaneous reduction of nitrates using acorn cups as an energy source
W. Lemlikchi P. Sharrock M.O. Mecherri M. Fiallo An elimination of disperse red 167 from a textile dye effluent with natural Hydroxyapatite Int. J. Mater. Eng. Technol. 6 111 124
W. Lemlikchi M. Fiallo P. Sharrock A. Nzihou M.O. Mecherri Treatment of textile waste waters by hydroxyapatite co-precipitation with adsorbent regeneration and reuse Waste Biomass Valor. 3 75 79 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XivFWnt7c%3D 10.1007/s12649-011-9096-0
W. Lemlikchi P. Sharrock M.O. Mecherri M. Fiallo A. Nzihou Reaction of calcium phosphate with textile dyes for purification of wastewaters J. Desal Water Treat. 52 1669 1673 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXpvVemu7Y%3D 10.1080/19443994.2013.807008
W. Lemlikchi P. Sharrock M. Fiallo A. Nzihou M.O. Mecherri Hydroxyapatite and alizarin sulfonate ARS modeling interations for textile dyes removal Proc. Eng. 83 378 385 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvFCgur%2FM 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.032
W. Lemlikchi N. Drouiche N. Belaicha N. Oubagha B. Baaziza M.O. Mecherri Kinetic study of the adsorption of textile dyes on synthetic hydroxyapatite in aqueous Solution J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 32 233 237 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsFKgu7vK 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.08.023
N. Oubagha W. Lemlikchi P. Sharrock M. Fiallo M.O. Mecherri Hydroxyapatite precipitation with Hydron Blue dye J. Environ. Manag. 203 807 810 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsFKjs7rO 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.039
W. Lemlikchi N. Drouiche B. Baaziz M.O. Mecherri Formation of mixed complexes of type phosphate-ca-dye J. Sep. Sci. Technol. 50 2676 2679 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsl2ms73K
W. Lemlikchi S. Khaldi M.O. Mecherri H. Lounici N. Drouiche Degradation of disperse red 167 azo dye by bipolar electrocoagulation J. Sep. Sci. Technol. 47 1682 1688 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xlslamsb4%3D 10.1080/01496395.2011.647374
K. Bouhadjra W. Lemlikchi A. Ferhati S. Mignard Enhancing removal efficiency of anionic dye (Cibacron blue) using waste potato peels powder Sci. Rep. 11 1 12 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitFWlurs%3D 10.1038/s41598-020-79069-5
J.N. Galloway A.R. Townsend J.W. Erisman M. Bekunda Z. Cai J.R. Freney L.A. Martinelli S.P. Seitzinger M.A. Sutton Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions Science 320 889 892 2008Sci..320.889G 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlslygsbw%3D 10.1126/science.1136674 18487183
S.J. Jafari G. Moussavi K. Yaghmaeian High-rate biological denitrification in the cyclic rotating-bed biological reactor: Effect of COD/NO3-, nitrate concentration and salinity and the phylogenetic analysis of denitrifiers Bioresour. Technol. 197 482 488 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhsVCnu7zO 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.105 26369277
M.I.M. Soares Biological denitrification of groundwater Water Air Soil Pollut. 123 183 193 2000WASP.123.183S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotFejtb0%3D 10.1023/A:1005242600186
E. Sahinkaya N. Dursun A. Kilic S. Demirel S. Uyanik O. Cinar Simultaneous heterotrophic and sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification process for drinking water treatment: Control of sulfate production Water Res. 45 6661 6667 2011WatRe.45.6661S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVWktb3L 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.050 22030084
D.C. Bouchard M.K. Williams R.Y. Surampalli Nitrate contamination of groundwater: Sources and potential health effects J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 84 85 90 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhtFaktg%3D%3D 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1992.tb07332.x
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th ed. incorporating the first addendum. Geneva: WHO (2017). ISBN: 978-92-4-154995-0. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
European Commission. Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Off. J. Eur. Communities L330, 32–54 (1998). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1998/83/oj
W.L. Zhang Z.X. Tian N. Zhang X.Q. Li Nitrate pollution of groundwater in northern China Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 59 223 231 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XntFCnsLo%3D 10.1016/0167-8809(96)01052-3
R. Li C. Feng W. Hu B. Xi N. Chen B. Zhao Y. Liu C. Hao J. Pu Woodchip-sulfur based heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification (WSHAD) process for nitrate contaminated water remediation Water Res. 89 171 179 2016WatRe.89.171L 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXitV2mtrbM 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.059 26650451
J. Zhao C. Feng S. Tong N. Chen S. Dong T. Peng S. Jin Denitrification behavior and microbial community spatial distribution inside woodchip-based solid-phase denitrification (W-SPD) bioreactor for nitrate-contaminated water treatment Bioresour. Technol. 249 869 879 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhslelurvK 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.080 29145113
Y. Liu J. Wang Reduction of nitrate by zero valent iron (ZVI)-based materials: A review Sci. Total Environ. 671 388 403 2019ScTEn.671.388L 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXmtlWkt7g%3D 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.365 30933795
B. Huang G. Chi X. Chen Y. Shi Removal of highly elevated nitrate from drinking water by pH-heterogenized heterotrophic denitrification facilitated with ferrous sulfide-based autotrophic denitrification Bioresour. Technol. 102 10154 10157 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlKrt7zK 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.079 21893412
A. Bhatnagar M. Sillanpää A review of emerging adsorbents for nitrate removal from water Chem. Eng. J. 168 493 504 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXktFGhsrw%3D 10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.103
B. Liang K. Zhang D. Liu S. Yao S. Chen F. Ma Y. Wang T. Zhu Exploration and verification of the feasibility of sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification process coupled with vibration method in a modified anaerobic baffled reactor for wastewater treatment Sci. Total Environ. 786 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtVOks7jL 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147348 147348
L. Feng K. Chen D. Han J. Zhao Y. Lu G. Yang J. Mu X. Zhao Comparison of nitrogen removal and microbial properties in solid-phase denitrification systems for water purification with various pretreated lignocellulosic carriers Bioresour. Technol. 224 236 245 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhslKnu7bK 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.074 27843089
Y. Pang J. Wang Various electron donors for biological nitrate removal: A review Sci. Total Environ. 794 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhsVGhtbvL 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148699 34214813 148699
H.K. Marchant M. Holtappels G. Lavik S. Ahmerkamp C. Winter M.M.M. Kuypers Coupled nitrification–denitrification leads to extensive N loss in subtidal permeable sediments Limnol. Oceanogr. 61 1033 1048 2016LimOc.61.1033M 10.1002/lno.10271
S.P. Seitzinger Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: Ecological and geochemical significance Limnol. Oceanogr. 33 702 724 1988LimOc.33.702S 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXlslGktbY%3D 10.4319/lo.1988.33.4part2.0702
T. Dalsgaard B. Thamdrup D.E. Canfield Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in the marine environment Res. Microbiol. 156 457 464 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjvVOjtbs%3D 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.01.011 15862442
T. Lan Y.H. Han Z.C. Cai Denitrification and its product composition in typical Chinese paddy soils Biol. Fertil. Soils 51 89 98 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsV2ks73N 10.1007/s00374-014-0955-1
J. Shan P.P. Yang X.X. Shang M.M. Rahman X.Y. Yan Anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification in a paddy soil as affected by temperature, pH, organic carbon, and substrates Biol. Fertil. Soils 54 341 348 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhtl2ju78%3D 10.1007/s00374-018-1263-z
C. Zhao S. Liu Z. Jiang Y. Wu L. Cui X. Huang P.I. Macreadie Nitrogen purification potential limited by nitrite reduction process in coastal eutrophic wetlands Sci. Total Environ. 694 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhsFCmt77K 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133702 31386948 133702
F. Schaedler C. Lockwood U. Lueder C. Glombitza A. Kappler C. Schmidt Microbially mediated coupling of Fe and N cycles by nitrate reduction Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 84 e02115 e2117 10.1128/AEM.02115-17
Z. Zhimiao Z. Xiao W. Zhufang S. Xinshan C. Mengqi C. Mengyua Z. Yinjiang Enhancing the pollutant removal performance and biological mechanisms by adding ferrous ions into aquaculture wastewater in constructed wetland Bioresour. Technol. 293 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhslWjsLbL 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122003 31476567 122003
B. Liang F. Kang S. Yao K. Zhang Y. Wang M. Chang Z. Lyu T. Zhu Exploration and verification of the feasibility of the sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification integrated biomass-based heterotrophic denitrification systems for wastewater treatment: From feasibility to application Chemosphere 287 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhvVymur3M 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131998 34450373 131998
T. Hall Water Treatment Processes and Practices Water Research Centre
M.K. Aouati H. Bougherara S. Zeroual B. Kebabi Effet de la nature de la source de carbone sur la dénitrification Sci. Technol. A 45 9 15
H. Wang N. Chen C. Feng Y. Deng Insights into heterotrophic denitrification diversity in wastewater treatment systems: Progress and future prospects based on different carbon sources Sci. Total Environ. 780 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXns1ertL8%3D 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146521 34030330 146521
Peche-Quilichini, K, Paolini-Saez, H, Martin, L, Drieu, L. & Arobba, D. Des balanophages en Corse entre Bronze moyen et premier âge du Fer? Une Protohistoire du gland en contexte insulaire. Bull. Aprab, Supplément 6, 77–91 (2020). Accès en ligne
W.M. Al-Rousan R.Y. Ajo K.M. Al-Ismail A. Attlee R.R. Shaker T.M. Osaili Characterization of acorn fruit oils extracted from selected Mediterranean Quercus species Grasas Aceites 64 5 554 560 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFeltrnP 10.3989/gya.110613
D. Pignone G. Laghetti On sweet acorn (Quercus spp.) cake tradition in Italian cultural and ethnic islands Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 57 1261 1266 10.1007/s10722-010-9553-1
P. Claudia Acorn bread: A traditional food of the past in Sardinia (Italy) J. Cult. Herit. 14 S71 S74 10.1016/j.culher.2012.11.024
J. Korus M. Witczak R. Ziobro L. Juszczak The influence of acorn flour on rheological properties of gluten-free dough and physical characteristics of the bread Eur. Food Res. Technol. 240 1135 1143 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXht1Oiur8%3D 10.1007/s00217-015-2417-y
T. Sinhaneti T. Keawprasert P. Puuntharo W. Triarun Quality assurance of rice and paddy moisture measurements in Thailand Int. J. Thermophys. 38 154 2017IJT..38.154S 10.1007/s10765-017-2261-6
A. Natalello D. Ami S. Brocca M. Lotti S.M. Doglia Secondary structure, conformational stability and glycosylation of a recombinant Candida rugosa lipase studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy Biochem. J. 385 511 517 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhvVCmug%3D%3D 10.1042/BJ20041457 15362976 1134723
García, R. & Báez, A. P. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (InTech, 2012). https://doi.org/10.5772/25925
M. Vítězová J. Petrová T. Vítěz E. Kotásková J. Čechmánková M.D. Vaverková The possibility of using spent coffee grounds to improve wastewater treatment due to respiration activity of microorganisms Appl. Sci. 9 3155 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXlsV2jsLo%3D 10.3390/app9153155
APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st edn. (American Public Health Association, 2005).
L. Ouyang W. Zhang X. Chen Q. Huang H. Wang S. Li Insights into the nitrogen removal mechanism of heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification bacterium Delfitia sp. B7 Water 16 21 3042 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXjs1eltL4%3D 10.3390/w16213042
O. Benbelkacem K. Benrachedi Biological denitrification heterotrophe of water with fixed biomass using alfa stems as energy source Asian J. Chem. 22 79 86
O. Gibert S. Pomierny I. Rowe R.M. Kalin Selection of organic substrates as potential reactive materials for use in a denitrification permeable reactive barrier (PRB) Bioresour. Technol. 99 16 7587 7596 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXns1aksLw%3D 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.012 18353637
C.M. Greenan T.B. Moorman T.C. Kaspar T.B. Parkin D.B. Jaynes Comparing carbon substrates for denitrification of subsurface drainage water J. Environ. Qual. 35 824 829 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XkvVCjsL0%3D 10.2134/jeq2005.0247 16585625
Jeter, R. M. & Ingraham, J. L. The denitrifying prokaryotes. In The Prokaryotes (Springer, 1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-13189-3_18
M. Blaszczyk M. Potocka-Justak A.V. Kraszewska Title not available Acta Microbiol. Polon. 30 498
R.D. Heitzer J.C.G. Ottow New denitrifying bacteria isolated from Red Sea sediments Mar. Biol. 37 1 4 10.1007/BF00386705
S.M. Paixão M.C. Sàágua R. Tenreiro A.M. Anselmo Biodegradability testing using standardized microbial communities as inoculum Environ. Toxicol. 21 2 131 140 2006EnTox.21.131P 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xjs12jtbg%3D 10.1002/tox.20165 16528688
Y. Zhang X. Wang W.Q. Wang S. Zhitao J. Li Growth kinetics and partial denitrification performance of Acinetobacter johnsonii under different environmental conditions R. Soc. Open Sci. 6 2019RSOS..691275Z 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhs12ns7vE 10.1098/rsos.191275 31903210 6936282 191275
D.A. Cataldo M. Maroon L.E. Schrader V.L. Youngs Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 6 1 71 80 1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXhs1Kqt7Y%3D 10.1080/00103627509366547
W.J. Payne P.S. Riley C.D. Cox Separate nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide reducing fractions from Pseudomonas perfectomarinus J. Bacteriol. 106 2 356 361 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXktVWmu7w%3D 10.1128/jb.106.2.356-361.1971 4324803 285104
W.M. Schuh D.L. Klinkebiel J.C. Gardner R.F. Meyer Tracer and nitrate movement to groundwater in the Northern Great Plains J. Environ. Qual. 26 1335 1347 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmsFequrs%3D 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600050038x
J.E. Yang E.O. Skogley B.E. Schaff J.J. Kirn A simple spectrophotometric determination of nitrate in water, resin, and soil extracts Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62 1108 1115 1998SSASJ.62.1108Y 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXls1Gjtrs%3D 10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200040037x
Panchagnula, S. Estimation of nitrates in water sample by colorimetry and potentiometry—A comparative study. Int. J. Trend Res. Dev.3(2) (2016).
Sadtler IR Spectral Database. Since 1947). Nicodom s.r.o., Hlavní 2727, CZ-14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic, EU. http://www.ir-spectra.com/sadtler/sadtler.htm
M.P. Coughlan The properties of fungal and bacterial calluses with comment on their production and application Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 3 39 109 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XhsVOjsbw%3D 10.1080/02648725.1985.10647809
M. Volokita A. Abeliovich M.I.M. Soares Denitrification of groundwater using cotton as energy source Water Sci. Technol. 34 1–2 379 385 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmsVyitrg%3D 10.2166/wst.1996.0394
Y. Zhang W. Dong G. Yan H. Wang Y. Chang S. Yu Z. Chu Y. Ling C. Li Plant carbon sources for denitrification enhancement and its mechanism in constructed wetlands Sustainability 14 19 12545 2022Sust..1412545Z 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XislCgur%2FE 10.3390/su141912545
P. Yin L. Yang K. Li H. Fan Q. Xue X. Li L. Sun Y. Liu Bioactive components and antioxidant activities of oak cup crude extract and its four partially purified fractions by HPD-100 macroporous resin chromatography Arab. J. Chem. 12 2 249 261 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xhs1Sju7jE 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.09.018
G. Socrates Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies: Tables and Charts 3 Wiley
R. Wang S.Y. Xu M. Zhang A. Ghulam C.L. Dai P. Zheng Iron as electron donor for denitrification: The efficiency, toxicity and mechanism Biores. Technol. 305 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXlsVentbo%3D 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123085 123085
P. Zhang J. Zhang T. Zhang L. Zhang Y. He Zero-valent iron enhanced methane production of anaerobic digestion by reinforcing microbial electron bifurcation coupled with direct inter-species electron transfer Water Res. 255 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXmtVyrs7w%3D 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121428 38493742 121428
H. Wang C. Feng Y. Deng Effect of potassium on nitrate removal from groundwater in agricultural waste-based heterotrophic denitrification system Sci. Total Environ. 703 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXitFGnsrvM 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134830 31731167 134830
P. Cyplik W. Grajek R. Marecik P. Króliczak Application of a membrane bioreactor to denitrification of brine Desalination 207 1–3 134 143 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjs1Cisrw%3D 10.1016/j.desal.2006.06.018
Élie, F. Eau de chaux et chimie du calcium. Disponible sur (2004). http://fred.elie.free.fr/eau_de_chaux_et_calcium.pdf
S.J.A. Rozet S. Yusriani F. Mubarok W. Agus F.M. Sholihah R. Wulandari V. Mirfaqoh Efforts to improve the quality of quicklime in handling acid mine drainage: A case study at PT. TCM J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 10 3 107453 10.33830/isbest.v3i1.1265
S. Khorramfar et al. An ecologically sustainable specific method using new magnetic alginate-biochar from acorn cups (Quercuscoccifera L.) for decolorization of dyes Polym. Bull. 10.1007/s00289-022-04609-0
J. Zhang C. Kong M. Yang L. Zang Comparison of calcium oxide and calcium peroxide pretreatments of wheat straw for improving biohydrogen production ACS Omega 5 15 9151 9161 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXjs1Kmur0%3D 10.1021/acsomega.0c00123 32363267 7191593
K.C. Nixon W.L. Crepet Trigonobalanus (Fagaceae): Taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships Am. J. Bot. 76 6 828 841 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15165.x
G.A. O'Toole R. Kolter Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development Mol. Microbiol. 30 2 295 304 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntFOrtr0%3D 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01062.x 9791175
Ş. Aslan Combined removal of pesticides and nitrates in drinking waters using biodenitrification and sand filter system Process Biochem. 40 2 417 424 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntlGmt7k%3D 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.01.030
J.M. Tiedje A.J.B. Zehnder Ecology of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms Wiley 179 244
L. Alvarez C. Bricio A. Blesa A. Hidalgo J. Berenguer Transferable denitrification capability of Thermus thermophilus Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80 1 19 27 2014ApEnM.80..19A 10.1128/AEM.02594-13 24141123 3911032
M.F.A. Khan A.W. Moore Losses of added nitrogen from some Alberta soils Soil Sci. 106 3 232 234 1968SoilS.106.232K 1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXkvVGkt7s%3D 10.1097/00010694-196809000-00013
W.C. Koskinen D.R. Keeney Effect of pH on the rate of gaseous products of denitrification in a silt loam soil Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46 6 1165 1167 1982SSASJ.46.1165K 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXntVyqug%3D%3D 10.2136/sssaj1982.03615995004600060009x
X. Yang X. Wang M. Wei F. Yang Q. Shi Changes of nitrate reductase activity in cucumber seedlings in response to nitrate stress Agricult. Sci. China 9 2 216 222 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjtFOgsb8%3D 10.1016/S1671-2927(09)60086-9
L. Foglar F. Briški Wastewater denitrification process—The influence of methanol and kinetic analysis Process Biochem. 39 1 95 103 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnt1yltLo%3D 10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00318-7
B. Marinković B. Vuković-Gačić J. Knežević-Vukčević P.D. Marin M. Soković S. Duletić-Laušević Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Micromeria thymifolia and M. albanica (Lamiaceae) Bocconea 16 1131 1134
B. Ovez S. Ozgen M. Yuksel Biological denitrification in drinking water using Glycyrrhiza glabra and Arundo donax as the carbon source Process Biochem. 41 7 1539 1544 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XltVKgu7s%3D 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.02.015
A. Mohseni-Bandpi D.J. Elliott M.A. Zazouli Biological nitrate removal processes from drinking water supply—A review J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 11 35 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXjtlajsbw%3D 10.1186/2052-336X-11-35 24355262 3880027
Milhau, A. & Fallot, A. Disponibilité des résidus agricoles en Inde en vue d’une valorisation énergétique. [Rapport de recherche] CIRAD-GREEN. HAL Id: hal-01267740 (2011). https://hal.science/hal-01267740v1
C.H. Adisheshu Reddy N. Prashanthi P. Hari Babu J.S. Mahale Banana peel as a biosorbent in removal of nitrate from water Int. Adv. Res. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2 1 94 98 10.17148/IARJSET.2015.21020
Z. Chen Q. Zuo C. Liu L. Li K.Y. Deliz Quinones Q. He Insights into solid phase denitrification in wastewater tertiary treatment: The role of solid carbon source in carbon biodegradation and heterotrophic denitrification Biores. Technol. 376 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXlsF2hsb4%3D 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128838 128838
P. Li J. Zuo Y. Wang J. Zhao L. Tang Z. Li Tertiary nitrogen removal for municipal wastewater using a solid-phase denitrifying biofilter with polycaprolactone as the carbon source and filtration medium Water Res. 93 74 83 2016WatRe.93..74L 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xisl2msbY%3D 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.009 26897042
S. Qi Y. Wang X. Chu W. Wang X. Zhan Z.H. Hu Food waste fermentation for carbon source production and denitrification in sequencing batch reactors J. Clean. Prod. 253 1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhtVGru7k%3D 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119934 119934
Z. Shen Y. Zhou J. Hu J. Wang Denitrification performance and microbial diversity in a packed-bed bioreactor using biodegradable polymer as carbon source and biofilm support J. Hazard. Mater. 250–251 431 438 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXlsVKms7k%3D 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.063 23500423
