anatomical density; blue intensity; maximum latewood density (MXD); microdensitometry; paleoclimatology; X-ray densitometry; Maximum latewood density; Paleoclimatology; X ray densitometry; Geophysics
Abstract :
[en] X-ray microdensitometry on annually resolved tree-ring samples has gained an exceptional position in last-millennium paleoclimatology through the maximum latewood density (MXD) parameter, but also increasingly through other density parameters. For 50 years, X-ray based measurement techniques have been the de facto standard. However, studies report offsets in the mean levels for MXD measurements derived from different laboratories, indicating challenges of accuracy and precision. Moreover, reflected visible light-based techniques are becoming increasingly popular, and wood anatomical techniques are emerging as a potentially powerful pathway to extract density information at the highest resolution. Here we review the current understanding and merits of wood density for tree-ring research, associated microdensitometric techniques, and analytical measurement challenges. The review is further complemented with a careful comparison of new measurements derived at 17 laboratories, using several different techniques. The new experiment allowed us to corroborate and refresh “long-standing wisdom” but also provide new insights. Key outcomes include (i) a demonstration of the need for mass/volume-based recalibration to accurately estimate average ring density; (ii) a substantiation of systematic differences in MXD measurements that cautions for great care when combining density data sets for climate reconstructions; and (iii) insights into the relevance of analytical measurement resolution in signals derived from tree-ring density data. Finally, we provide recommendations expected to facilitate futureinter-comparability and interpretations for global change research.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy Phytobiology (plant sciences, forestry, mycology...) Life sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others Engineering, computing & technology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Björklund, J. ; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland ; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ; Gothenburg University Laboratory for Dendrochronology, Earth Science Center, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
von Arx, G. ; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Nievergelt, D.; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Wilson, R. ; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom ; Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, United States
Van den Bulcke, J. ; UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ; Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent, Belgium
Günther, B.; Institute of Forest Utilization and Forest Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Loader, N.J.; Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
Rydval, M. ; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Fonti, P. ; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Scharnweber, T. ; Dendrogreif, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Andreu-Hayles, L. ; Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, United States
Büntgen, U.; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland ; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
D'Arrigo, R.; Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, United States
Davi, N.; Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, United States
De Mil, Tom ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Gestion des ressources forestières ; UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ; Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent, Belgium
Esper, J.; Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
Gärtner, H. ; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Geary, J.; Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, Wayne, United States
Gunnarson, B.E.; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Hartl, C.; Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
Hevia, A.; Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Spain ; Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
Song, H.; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China ; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
Janecka, K.; Dendrogreif, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany ; Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Kaczka, R.J.; Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Kirdyanov, A.V.; Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation ; Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Kochbeck, M.; Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
Liu, Y.; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China ; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
Meko, M.; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
Mundo, I. ; Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina ; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
Nicolussi, K. ; Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Oelkers, R.; Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, United States
Pichler, T.; Institute of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Sánchez-Salguero, R.; Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
Schneider, L.; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Schweingruber, F.; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Timonen, M. ; Natural Resources Institute, Joensuu, Finland
Trouet, V. ; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
Van Acker, J. ; UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ; Ghent University Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT), Ghent, Belgium
Verstege, A.; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Villalba, R. ; Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
Wilmking, M.; Dendrogreif, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Frank, D.; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland ; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
FWF - Austrian Science Fund RSF - Russian Science Foundation NSF - National Science Foundation EU - European Union NERC - Natural Environment Research Council LG - Leibniz-Gemeinschaft ERDF - European Regional Development Fund NCN - Narodowe Centrum Nauki UGent - Universiteit Gent SNF - Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Funding text :
We sincerely thank three anonymous referees for valuable critique to an earlier version of the manuscript. We further acknowledge the shared expertise of Etienne Szymanski and Peter Herter of WALESCH Electronic and Anders Rindby of Cox Analytical Systems during a workshop arranged as part of the coordination of the intercomparison experiment (section of this review). We thank two diligent technicians: Patrick Z\u00FCst and Basil Frefel for assistance in producing the wood anatomically based data set. This work was mainly funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grants iTREE CRSII3_136295 and P300P2_ 154543). J. B. further gratefully acknowledges financial support by the Transnational Access to Research Infrastructures activity in the 7th Framework Programme of the EC under the Trees4Future project (284181). G. v. A. was supported by a grant from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SERI (SBFI C14.0104). J. B. and G. v. A. were also supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; Project XELLCLIM 200021_182398). M. R. acknowledges funding through the EVA4.0 project (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803). P. F. was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grants 150205 and LOTFOR). T. D. M was supported by Ghent University Special Research Fund PhD grant (BOF.DOC.2014.0037.01). R. K. and K. J. were supported by the National Science Centre project DEC\u20102013/11/B/ST10/04764 (Poland). A. H. and R. S.\u2010S. are grateful to Juan Majada for providing support for this study and Laura Gonz\u00E1lez S\u00E1nchez, Mara Arrojo, and Fernando Quintana who assisted in the CETEMAS laboratory. R. S.\u2010S. was supported by a postdoctoral grant (IJCI\u20102015\u201025845, FEDER funds). A. V. K. was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project 18\u201014\u201000072). J. E, C. H., and M. K. were supported by the German Science Foundation (Grants Inst 247/665\u20101 FUGG, ES 161/9\u20101, and HA 8048/1\u20101). M. W. and T. S. were supported by the Leibnitz Association (project BaltRap) and M. W. by the German Science Foundation (Grants Inst 247/665\u20101 FUGG, ES 161/9\u20101, and Wi 2680/8\u20101). K. N. was supported by the Austrian Science Fund FWF (Grant I 1183\u2010N19). L. A.\u2010H., R. O., and R. D. were supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Grants AGS\u201015\u201002150, PLR\u201015\u201004134, and PLR\u201016\u201003473. U. B. received funding from the project \u201CSustES \u2010 Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions\u201D (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). R. W. was supported by NERC Grant NE/K003097/1. N. J. L. received support from the UK NERC (NE/P011527/1) and EU project \u201CMillennium\u201D (017008). M. M. and V. T. were supported by U.S. NSF CAREER Grant AGS\u20101349942. I.M. and R.V. were partially supported by the BNP Paribas Foundation (Award THEMES). Data produced for this study are made available through the Supporting Information ( Data S1 ), where also meta data (technique and parameterization) for each data set are described (Tables S1 \u2013 S3 of Data S2 ).
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