Computed tomography; Digital twinning; GPU programming; Machine learning; Registration; Simulation; X-ray imaging; Graphic processor unit programming; Graphic processor units; Machine-learning; Real- time; X-ray computed tomography; Nuclear and High Energy Physics; Instrumentation
Abstract :
[en] gVirtualXray (gVXR) is an open-source framework that relies on the Beer–Lambert law to simulate X-ray images in real time on a graphics processor unit (GPU) using triangular meshes. A wide range of programming languages is supported (C/C++, Python, R, Ruby, Tcl, C#, Java, and GNU Octave). Simulations generated with gVXR have been benchmarked with clinically realistic phantoms (i.e. complex structures and materials) using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, real radiographs and real digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs), and X-ray computed tomography (XCT). It has been used in a wide range of applications, including real-time medical simulators, proposing a new densitometric radiographic modality in clinical imaging, studying noise removal techniques in fluoroscopy, teaching particle physics and X-ray imaging to undergraduate students in engineering, and XCT to masters students, predicting image quality and artifacts in material science, etc. gVXR has also been used to produce a high number of realistic simulated images in optimisation problems and to train machine learning algorithms. This paper presents a comprehensive review of such applications of gVXR.
Research Center/Unit :
A&M - Aérospatiale et Mécanique - ULiège
Disciplines :
Materials science & engineering
Author, co-author :
Vidal, Franck P.; UKRI-STFC Scientific Computing, Daresbury Laboratory, United Kingdom ; School of Computer Science & Engineering, Bangor University, United Kingdom
Afshari, Shaghayegh; Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Ahmed, Sharif; Diamond Light Source, United Kingdom
Albiol, Alberto; PRHLT Research centre, Universitat Politècnica València, Spain
Albiol, Francisco; Instituto de Física Corpuscular, CSIC-Universitat Politecnica València, Spain
Béchet, Eric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Conception géométrique assistée par ordinateur
Bellot, Alberto Corbí; Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología - Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Spain
Bosse, Stefan; Department of Computer Science, University of Koblenz, Germany ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Siegen, Germany
Burkhard, Simon; Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, Bern-Wabern, Switzerland
Chahid, Younes; UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory, United Kingdom
Chou, Cheng-Ying; Department of Biomechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Culver, Robert; The Manufacturing Technology Centre, United Kingdom
Desbarats, Pascal; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LaBRI, UMR 5800, France
Dixon, Lewis; School of Computer Science & Engineering, Bangor University, United Kingdom
Friemann, Johan; Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Garbout, Amin; Henry Royce Institute, Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
García-Lorenzo, Marcos; Grupo de Modelado y Realidad Virtual, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
Giovannelli, Jean-François; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, France
Hanna, Ross; The Manufacturing Technology Centre, United Kingdom
Hatton, Clémentine; Scalian DS, France
Henry, Audrey; Scalian DS, France
Kelly, Graham; Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, United Kingdom
Leblanc, Christophe ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Conception géométrique assistée par ordinateur
Leonardi, Alberto; Diamond Light Source, United Kingdom
Létang, Jean Michel; INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220 U1294, France
Lipscomb, Harry; Henry Royce Institute, Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Manchester, Tristan; Diamond Light Source, United Kingdom
Meere, Bas; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
Michelet, Claire; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, France
Middleburgh, Simon; School of Computer Science & Engineering, Bangor University, United Kingdom
Mihail, Radu P.; Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, Valdosta State University, United States
Mitchell, Iwan; School of Computer Science & Engineering, Bangor University, United Kingdom
Perera, Liam; Diamond Light Source, United Kingdom
Puig, Martí; Henry Royce Institute, Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom ; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Racy, Malek; Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
Rouwane, Ali; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, France
Seznec, Hervé; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LP2I Bordeaux, UMR 5797, France
Sújar, Aaron; Grupo de Modelado y Realidad Virtual, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
Tugwell-Allsup, Jenna; Radiology Department, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board (BCUHB), Ysbyty Gwynedd, United Kingdom
Villard, Pierre-Frédéric; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, France
gVirtualXray is currently supported by the Ada Lovelace Centre and the UKRI Digital Research Infrastructure Programme through the Science and Technology Facilities Council, Computational Science Centre for Research Communities (CoSeC) . It was initially co-funded by the European Union through the FP7-PEOPLE-2012-CIG - Marie-Curie Action 'Fly Algorithm in PET Reconstruction for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning' under grant # 321968 and by the Welsh government through the Research Institute of Visual Computing (RIVIC) . F. Vidal thanks NVIDIA Corporation for the donation of the NVIDIA TITAN Xp GPU used in the development and validation of gVirtualXray. I. Mitchell is supported through the UKRI CDT in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Advanced Computin g (AIMLAC - EP/S023992/1 ). F. Vidal, I. Mitchell and S. Middleburgh acknowledge the Diamond Light Source for beamtime # MG29820 on 'Real experiments, hi-fidelity simulations, machine learning and GPUs: Toward the virtual design of nuclear fuel rods'. I. Mitchell and F. Vidal would like to thank Taith for a travel grant awarded to Vidal and Mitchell that made it possible to develop the digital twin of the new dual-beam XRCT laboratory equipment of the MateIS laboratory (Lyon, France). Y. Chahid and C. Atkins acknowledge the UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship 'Printing the future of space telescopes' under grant # MR/T042230/1 . J. Friemann acknowledges funding from Horizon Europe through the MSCA Doctoral Network RELIANCE, grant # 101073040 . A. Garbout, M. Puig, and H. Lipscomb acknowledges support from the National Research Facility for Lab X-ray CT (NXCT), funded through EPSRC grants # EP/T02593X/1 and # EP/V035932/1 R. Culver acknowledges the 'DRAMA (Digital Reconfigurable Additive Manufacturing facilities for Aerospace)' project funded by UKRI under grant # 113157 . A. Rouwane, C. Michelet, J.-F. Giovannelli, P. Desbarats, and H. Seznec acknowledges support from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR CES2010, no. CESA 009 01, TITANIUMS), and the Région Aquitaine (TOX-NANO no. 20111201003/POPRA no. 14006636-034). A. Rouwane's postdoctoral fellowship is funded by the 'Exploratory Interdisciplinary Research' program of the Université de Bordeaux (SHAPE Project, LP2IB, LaBRI, IMS). E. Béchet and C. Leblanc thank the Walloon Region for its support under grant no. 8424 'AEROCT'.gVirtualXray is currently supported by the Ada Lovelace Centre and the UKRI Digital Research Infrastructure Programme through the Science and Technology Facilities Council's Computational Science Centre for Research Communities (CoSeC). It was initially co-funded by the European Union through the FP7-PEOPLE-2012-CIG - Marie-Curie Action 'Fly Algorithm in PET Reconstruction for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning' under grant # 321968 and by the Welsh government through the Research Institute of Visual Computing (RIVIC). F. Vidal thanks NVIDIA Corporation for the donation of the NVIDIA TITAN Xp GPU used in the development and validation of gVirtualXray. I. Mitchell is supported through the UKRI CDT in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Advanced Computing (AIMLAC - EP/S023992/1). F. Vidal, I. Mitchell and S. Middleburgh acknowledge the Diamond Light Source for beamtime # MG29820 on 'Real experiments, hi-fidelity simulations, machine learning and GPUs: Toward the virtual design of nuclear fuel rods'. I. Mitchell and F. Vidal would like to thank Taith for a travel grant awarded to Vidal and Mitchell that made it possible to develop the digital twin of the new dual-beam XRCT laboratory equipment of the MateIS laboratory (Lyon, France). Y. Chahid and C. Atkins acknowledge the UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship 'Printing the future of space telescopes' under grant # MR/T042230/1. J. Friemann acknowledges funding from Horizon Europe through the MSCA Doctoral Network RELIANCE, grant # 101073040. A. Garbout, M. Puig, and H. Lipscomb acknowledges support from the National Research Facility for Lab X-ray CT (NXCT), funded through EPSRC grants # EP/T02593X/1 and # EP/V035932/1 R. Culver acknowledges the 'DRAMA (Digital Reconfigurable Additive Manufacturing facilities for Aerospace)' project funded by UKRI under grant # 113157. A. Rouwane, C. Michelet, J.-F. Giovannelli, P. Desbarats, and H. Seznec acknowledges support from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR CES2010, no. CESA 009 01, TITANIUMS), and the Région Aquitaine (TOX-NANO no. 20111201003/POPRA no. 14006636-034). A. Rouwane's postdoctoral fellowship is funded by the 'Exploratory Interdisciplinary Research' program of the Université de Bordeaux (SHAPE Project, LP2IB, LaBRI, IMS). E. Béchet and C. Leblanc thank the Walloon Region for its support under grant no. 8424 'AEROCT'.
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