Tendinopathies et « Tendon Neuroplastic Training » : Où en est-on en 2025 ? Une revue de la littérature Tendinopathies and « Tendon Neuroplastic Training »: Where are we in 2025? A literature review
[fr] Cette revue de la littérature est destinée à présenter et discuter de l'intérêt de la réadaptation excentrique associée à une stimulation externe, à savoir le « Tendon Neuroplastic Training » (TNT), en comparaison avec la réadaptation excentrique seule dans les tendinopathies chroniques. Les principaux objectifs de cette revue de la littérature sont (1) de définir ce qu'est le TNT, (2) d'établir les déterminants moléculaires impliqués dans la physiopathologie des tendinopathies chroniques et (3) de déterminer la pertinence du TNT dans leur traitement. Même si le TNT semble prometteur étant donné le rôle potentiel du contrôle moteur dans les tendinopathies chroniques, son efficacité doit encore être démontrée par de plus amples investigations.
Disciplines :
Orthopedics, rehabilitation & sports medicine
Author, co-author :
Denoz, Emilie; CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgique
Gillot, Vincent; Hôpital de la Citadelle, Liège, Belgique
Kaux, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des Sciences de l'activité physique et de la réadaptation > Médecine physique, réadaptation et traumatologie du sport
Language :
French
Title :
Tendinopathies et « Tendon Neuroplastic Training » : Où en est-on en 2025 ? Une revue de la littérature Tendinopathies and « Tendon Neuroplastic Training »: Where are we in 2025? A literature review
Williamson, P.M., Freedman, B.R., Kwok, N., Beeram, I., Pennings, J., Johnson, J., et al. Tendinopathy and tendon material response to load: What we can learn from small animal studies. Acta Biomater 134 (2021), 43–56, 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.046 [Epub 2021 Jul 27. PMID: 34325074.; PMCID: PMC8542586].
Kaux, J.F., Crielaard, J.M., Tendon et tendinopathie. J Traumatol Sport 31:4 (2014), 235–240.
Steinmann, S., Pfeifer, C.G., Brochhausen, C., Docheva, D., Spectrum of Tendon Pathologies: Triggers, Trails and End-State. Int J Mol Sci, 21(3), 2020, 844, 10.3390/ijms21030844 [PMID: 32013018 ; PMCID: PMC7037288].
Xu, Y., Murrell, G.A., The basic science of tendinopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 466:7 (2008), 1528–1538, 10.1007/s11999-008-0286-4 [Epub 2008 May 14. PMID: 18478310; PMCID: PMC2505234].
Lu, J., Li, H., Zhang, Z., Xu, R., Wang, J., Jin, H., Platelet-rich plasma in the pathologic processes of tendinopathy: a review of basic science studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 11, 2023, 1187974, 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1187974 [PMID: 37545895; PMCID: PMC10401606].
Rio, E., Kidgell, D., Moseley, G.L., Gaida, J., Docking, S., Purdam, C., et al. Tendon neuroplastic training: changing the way we think about tendon rehabilitation: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 50:4 (2016), 209–215, 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095215 [Epub 2015 Sep 25. PMID: 26407586 ; PMCID: PMC4752665].
Denoz, E., Kaux, J.F., Tendinopathies et système nerveux : revue de la littérature. Journal de Traumatologie du Sport. 2022 Sept 169-174. J Traumatol Sport 39:3 (2022), 169–174.
Kabore, C., Salier, Q., Geerts, P., Management of systemic risk factors for chronic tendinopathy. Sci Sports 36:1 (2021), 5–15.
Rees, J.D., Stride, M., Scott, A., Tendons--time to revisit inflammation. Br J Sports Med 48:21 (2014), 1553–1557 [Epub 2013 Mar 9. PMID: 23476034; PMCID: PMC4215290].
Dakin, S.G., Dudhia, J., Smith, R.K., Resolving an inflammatory concept: the importance of inflammation and resolution in tendinopathy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 158:3–4 (2014), 121–127, 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.01.007 [Epub 2014 Jan 31. PMID: 24556326; PMCID: PMC3991845].
Lui, P.P.Y., Zhang, X., Yao, S., Sun, H., Huang, C., Roles of Oxidative Stress in Acute Tendon Injury and Degenerative Tendinopathy-A Target for Intervention. Int J Mol Sci, 23(7), 2022, 3571, 10.3390/ijms23073571 [PMID: 35408931; PMCID: PMC8998577].
Cook, J.L., Purdam, C.R., Is tendon pathology a continuum?. A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med 43:6 (2009), 409–416, 10.1136/bjsm.2008.051193 [Epub 2008 Sep 23. PMID: 18812414].
Cook, J.L., Purdam, C., Is compressive load a factor in the development of tendinopathy?. Br J Sports Med 46:3 (2012), 163–168, 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090414 [Epub 2011 Nov 22. PMID: 22113234].
Maffulli, N., Wong, J., Almekinders, L.C., Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med 22:4 (2003), 675–692, 10.1016/s0278-5919(03)00004-8 [PMID: 14560540].
Lopes, A.D., Hespanhol Jú nior, L.C., Yeung, S.S., Costa, L.O., What are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries?. A Systematic Review. Sports Med 42:10 (2012), 891–905, 10.1007/BF03262301 [PMID: 22827721; PMCID: PMC4269925].
Cardoso, T.B., Pizzari, T., Kinsella, R., Hope, D., Cook, J.L., Current trends in tendinopathy management. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 33:1 (2019), 122–140, 10.1016/j.berh.2019.02.001 [Epub 2019 Mar 8. PMID: 31431267].
Murtaugh, B., Ihm, J.M., Eccentric training for the treatment of tendinopathies. Curr Sports Med Rep 12:3 (2013), 175–182, 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3182933761 [PMID: 23669088].
Kongsgaard, M., Kovanen, V., Aagaard, P., Doessing, S., Hansen, P., Laursen, A.H., et al. Corticosteroid injections, eccentric decline squat training and heavy slow resistance training in patellar tendinopathy. Scand J Med Sci Sports 19:6 (2009), 790–802, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00949.x [Epub 2009 May 28. PMID: 19793213].
Fallon, K., Purdam, C., Cook, J., Lovell, G., A “polypill” for acute tendon pain in athletes with tendinopathy?. J Sci Med Sport 11:3 (2008), 235–238, 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.09.002 [Epub 2008 Feb 20. PMID: 18077212].
Seligman, D.A., Dawson, D.R., Customized heel pads and soft orthotics to treat heel pain and plantar fasciitis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84:10 (2003), 1564–1567, 10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00363-0 [PMID: 14586928].
Goldberg, A.J., Masci, L., O'Donnell, P., Green, R., Brooking, D., Bassett, P., et al. Autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells are safe for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy. Sci Rep, 14(1), 2024, 11421, 10.1038/s41598-024-61399-3 [PMID: 38763976; PMCID: PMC11102920].
Aicale, R., Tarantino, D., Maffulli, N., Surgery in Tendinopathies. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 26:4 (2018), 200–202, 10.1097/JSA.0000000000000214 [PMID: 30395068].
Kenyon, L.K., Blackinton, M.T., Applying motor-control theory to physical therapy practice: a case report. Physiother Can 63:3 (2011), 345–354, 10.3138/ptc.2010-06 [Epub 2011 Aug 10. PMID: 22654241; PMCID: PMC3157995].
Latella, C., Kidgell, D.J., Pearce, A.J., Reduction in corticospinal inhibition in the trained and untrained limb following unilateral leg strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 112:8 (2012), 3097–3107, 10.1007/s00421-011-2289-1 [Epub 2011 Dec 27. PMID: 22200796].
Pearce, A.J., Hendy, A., Bowen, W.A., Kidgell, D.J., Corticospinal adaptations and strength maintenance in the immobilized arm following 3 weeks unilateral strength training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 23:6 (2013), 740–748, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01453.x [Epub 2012 Mar 19. PMID: 22429184].
Valero-Cabré, A., Pascual-Leone, A., Coubard, O.A., La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (SMT) dans la recherche fondamentale et clinique en neuroscience [Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in basic and clinical neuroscience research]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 167:4 (2011), 291–316, 10.1016/j.neurol.2010.10.013 [Epub 2011 Mar 21. PMID: 21420698; PMCID: PMC3093091].
Cohen, L.G., Ziemann, U., Chen, R., Classen, J., Hallett, M., Gerloff, C., et al. Studies of neuroplasticity with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 15:4 (1998), 305–324, 10.1097/00004691-199807000-00003 [PMID: 9736465].
Flanagan, S.D., Proessl, F., Dunn-Lewis, C., Sterczala, A.J., Connaboy, C., Canino, M.C., et al. Differences in brain structure and theta burst stimulation-induced plasticity implicate the corticomotor system in loss of function after musculoskeletal injury. J Neurophysiol 125:4 (2021), 1006–1021, 10.1152/jn.00689.2020 [Epub 2021 Feb 17. PMID: 33596734].
St Clair Gibson, A., Lambert, M.L., Noakes, T.D., Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise. Sports Med 31:9 (2001), 637–650 [doi: 10.2165/00007256-200131090-00001. PMID: 11508520].
Brox, J.I., Røe, C., Saugen, E., Vøllestad, N.K., Isometric abduction muscle activation in patients with rotator tendinosis of the shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78:11 (1997), 1260–1267, 10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90341-5 [PMID: 9365358].
Bisset, L.M., Russell, T., Bradley, S., Ha, B., Vicenzino, B.T., Bilateral sensorimotor abnormalities in unilateral lateral epicondylalgia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87:4 (2006), 490–495, 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.11.029 [PMID: 16571387].
Lian, O., Engebretsen, L., Ovrebø, R.V., Bahr, R., Characteristics of the leg extensors in male volleyball players with jumper's knee. Am J Sports Med 24:3 (1996), 380–385, 10.1177/036354659602400322 [PMID: 8734892].
Reid, D., McNair, P.J., Johnson, S., Potts, G., Witvrouw, E., Mahieu, N., Electromyographic analysis of an eccentric calf muscle exercise in persons with and without Achilles tendinopathy. Phys Ther Sport 13:3 (2012), 150–155, 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.08.003 [Epub 2011 Sep 15. PMID: 22814448].
Welsh, P., Tendon neuroplastic training for lateral elbow tendinopathy: 2 case reports. J Can Chiropr Assoc 62:2 (2018), 98–104 [PMID: 30305765; PMCID: PMC6173218].
Mains, R.E., Eipper, B.A., The Neuropeptides., 6th edition. Siegel, G.J., Agranoff, B.W., Albers, R.W., et, al., (eds.) Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects, 1999, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia [Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28247/].
Scott, A., Bahr, R., Neuropeptides in tendinopathy. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 14:6 (2009), 2203–2211, 10.2741/3372 [PMID: 19273194; PMCID: PMC4000254].
Vasta, S., Di Martino, A., Zampogna, B., Torre, G., Papalia, R., Denaro, V., Role of VEGF, Nitric Oxide, and Sympathetic Neurotransmitters in the Pathogenesis of Tendinopathy: A Review of the Current Evidences. Front Aging Neurosci, 8, 2016, 186, 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00186 [PMID: 27555817; PMCID: PMC4977280].
Xu, H., Shi, X., Li, X., Zou, J., Zhou, C., Liu, W., et al. Neurotransmitter and neuropeptide regulation of mast cell function: a systematic review. J Neuroinflammation, 17(1), 2020, 356, 10.1186/s12974-020-02029-3 [PMID: 33239034; PMCID: PMC7691095].
Ko, K.R., Lee, H., Han, S.H., Ahn, W., Kim, D.K., Kim, I.S., et al. Substance P, A Promising Therapeutic Target in Musculoskeletal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci, 23(5), 2022, 2583, 10.3390/ijms23052583 [PMID: 35269726; PMCID: PMC8910130].
Fong, G., Backman, L.J., Hart, D.A., Danielson, P., McCormack, B., Scott, A., Substance P enhances collagen remodeling and MMP-3 expression by human tenocytes. J Orthop Res 31:1 (2013), 91–98, 10.1002/jor.22191 [Epub 2012 Jul 26. PMID: 22836729; PMCID: PMC3959169].
Zhou, B., Zhou, Y., Tang, K., The effects of substance P on pluripotent tendon cells: an in vitro and in vivo study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 14:3 (2014), 349–358 [PMID: 25198231].
Schubert, T.E., Weidler, C., Lerch, K., Hofstädter, F., Straub, R.H., Achilles tendinosis is associated with sprouting of substance P positive nerve fibres. Ann Rheum Dis 64:7 (2005), 1083–1086, 10.1136/ard.2004.029876 [PMID: 15958764; PMCID: PMC1755550].
Backman, L.J., Danielson, P., Akt-mediated anti-apoptotic effects of substance P in Anti-Fas-induced apoptosis of human tenocytes. J Cell Mol Med 17:6 (2013), 723–733, 10.1111/jcmm.12059 [Epub 2013 Apr 11. PMID: 23577779; PMCID: PMC3823176].
Backman, L.J., Eriksson, D.E., Danielson, P., Substance P reduces TNF-(-induced apoptosis in human tenocytes through NK-1 receptor stimulation. Br J Sports Med 48:19 (2014), 1414–1420, 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092438 [Epub 2013 Aug 30. PMID: 23996004; PMCID: PMC4173875].
Danielson, P., Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., Distribution of general (PGP 9.5) and sensory (substance P/CGRP) innervations in the human patellar tendon. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14:2 (2006), 125–132, 10.1007/s00167-005-0636-7 [Epub 2005 Jun 28. PMID: 15983834].
Ljung, B.O., Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., Neurokinin 1-receptors and sensory neuropeptides in tendon insertions at the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus. Studies on tennis elbow and medial epicondylalgia. J Orthop Res 22:2 (2004), 321–327, 10.1016/S0736-0266(03)00183-9 [PMID: 15013091].
Bjur, D., Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., Presence of the neuropeptide Y1 receptor in tenocytes and blood vessel walls in the human Achilles tendon. Br J Sports Med 43:14 (2009), 1136–1142, 10.1136/bjsm.2008.055780 [Epub 2009 Apr 12. PMID: 19364758].
Alfredson, H., Ljung, B.O., Thorsen, K., Lorentzon, R., In vivo investigation of ECRB tendons with microdialysis technique--no signs of inflammation but high amounts of glutamate in tennis elbow. Acta Orthop Scand 71:5 (2000), 475–479, 10.1080/000164700317381162 [PMID: 11186404].
Alfredson, H., Thorsen, K., Lorentzon, R., In situ microdialysis in tendon tissue: high levels of glutamate, but not prostaglandin E2 in chronic Achilles tendon pain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 7:6 (1999), 378–381, 10.1007/s001670050184 [PMID: 10639657].
Schizas, N., Weiss, R., Lian, O., Frihagen, F., Bahr, R., Ackermann, P.W., Glutamate receptors in tendinopathic patients. J Orthop Res 30:9 (2012), 1447–1452, 10.1002/jor.22094 [Epub 2012 Feb 21. PMID: 22354721].
Dean, B.J., Snelling, S.J., Dakin, S.G., Murphy, R.J., Javaid, M.K., Carr, A.J., Differences in glutamate receptors and inflammatory cell numbers are associated with the resolution of pain in human rotator cuff tendinopathy. Arthritis Res Ther, 17(1), 2015, 176, 10.1186/s13075-015-0691-5 [PMID: 26160609; PMCID: PMC4498529].
Wall, M.E., Faber, J.E., Yang, X., Tsuzaki, M., Banes, A.J., Norepinephrine-induced calcium signaling and expression of adrenoceptors in avian tendon cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287:4 (2004), C912–C918, 10.1152/ajpcell.00099.2004 [Epub 2004 Jun 16. PMID: 15201139].
Danielson, P., Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., Immunohistochemical and histochemical findings favoring the occurrence of autocrine/paracrine as well as nerve-related cholinergic effects in chronic painful patellar tendon tendinosis. Microsc Res Tech 69:10 (2006), 808–819, 10.1002/jemt.20351 [PMID: 16830327].
Fong, G., Backman, L.J., Andersson, G., Scott, A., Danielson, P., Human tenocytes are stimulated to proliferate by acetylcholine through an EGFR signalling pathway. Cell Tissue Res 351:3 (2013), 465–475, 10.1007/s00441-012-1530-5 [Epub 2012 Dec 5. PMID: 23212463; PMCID: PMC3582816].
Hart, D., Frank, C.B., Kydd, A., Iveie, T., Sciore, P., Reno, C., Neurogenic, mast cell and gender variables in tendon biology: potential role in chronic tendinopathy. Maffulli, N., Renstrom, P., Leadbetter, W., (eds.) Tendon Injuries: Basic Science and Clinical Medicine, 2005, Springer, London, 0–48 [Reference not parsed].
Lui, P.P., Chan, L.S., Fu, S.C., Chan, K.M., Expression of sensory neuropeptides in tendon is associated with failed healing and activity-related tendon pain in collagenase-induced tendon injury. Am J Sports Med 38:4 (2010), 757–764, 10.1177/0363546509355402 [Epub 2010 Feb 5. PMID: 20139325].
Lian, Ø., Dahl, J., Ackermann, P.W., Frihagen, F., Engebretsen, L., Bahr, R., Pronociceptive and antinociceptive neuromediators in patellar tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med 34:11 (2006), 1801–1808, 10.1177/0363546506289169 [Epub 2006 Jun 30. PMID: 16816149].
Danielson, P., Reviving the “biochemical” hypothesis for tendinopathy: new findings suggest the involvement of locally produced signal substances. Br J Sports Med 43:4 (2009), 265–268, 10.1136/bjsm.2008.054593 [Epub 2008 Oct 29. PMID: 18971248].
Scott, A., Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., VGluT2 expression in painful Achilles and patellar tendinosis: evidence of local glutamate release by tenocytes. J Orthop Res 26:5 (2008), 685–692, 10.1002/jor.20536 [PMID: 18050306; PMCID: PMC3951483].
Bjur, D., Danielson, P., Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization observations favor a local catecholamine production in the human Achilles tendon. Histol Histopathol 23:2 (2008), 197–208, 10.14670/HH-23.197 [PMID: 17999376].
Danielson, P., Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., In situ hybridization studies confirming recent findings of the existence of a local nonneuronal catecholamine production in human patellar tendinosis. Microsc Res Tech 70:10 (2007), 908–911, 10.1002/jemt.20495 [PMID: 17661370].
Danielson, P., Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., Studies on the importance of sympathetic innervation, adrenergic receptors, and a possible local catecholamine production in the development of patellar tendinopathy (tendinosis) in man. Microsc Res Tech 70:4 (2007), 310–324, 10.1002/jemt.20413 [PMID: 17206652].
Luo, J., Wang, Z., Tang, C., Yin, Z., Huang, J., Ruan, D., et al. Animal model for tendinopathy. J Orthop Translat 42 (2023), 43–56, 10.1016/j.jot.2023.06.005 [PMID: 37637777; PMCID: PMC10450357].
Andersson, G., Forsgren, S., Scott, A., Gaida, J.E., Stjernfeldt, J.E., Lorentzon, R., et al. Tenocyte hypercellularity and vascular proliferation in a rabbit model of tendinopathy: contralateral effects suggest the involvement of central neuronal mechanisms. Br J Sports Med 45:5 (2011), 399–406, 10.1136/bjsm.2009.068122 [Epub 2010 Jul 6. PMID: 20605910].
Alfredson, H., Ohberg, L., Forsgren, S., Is vasculo-neural ingrowth the cause of pain in chronic Achilles tendinosis? An investigation using ultrasonography and colour Doppler, immunohistochemistry, and diagnostic injections. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 11:5 (2003), 334–338, 10.1007/s00167-003-0391-6 [Epub 2003 Aug 9. PMID: 14520512].
Alim, M.A., Peterson, M., Pejler, G., Do Mast Cells Have a Role in Tendon Healing and Inflammation?. Cells, 9(5), 2020, 1134, 10.3390/cells9051134 [PMID: 32375419; PMCID: PMC7290807].
Sanchis-Alfonso, V., Roselló-Sastre, E., Subías-Lopez, A., Neuroanatomic basis for pain in patellar tendinosis (“jumper's knee”): a neuroimmunohistochemical study. Am J Knee Surg 14:3 (2001), 174–177 [PMID: 11491428].
Magaki, S., Hojat, S.A., Wei, B., So, A., Yong, W.H., An Introduction to the Performance of Immunohistochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 1897 (2019), 289–298, 10.1007/978-1-4939-8935-5_25 [PMID: 30539453; PMCID: PMC6749998].
Chu, Y.H., Hardin, H., Zhang, R., Guo, Z., Lloyd, R.V., In situ hybridization: Introduction to techniques, applications and pitfalls in the performance and interpretation of assays. Semin Diagn Pathol 36:5 (2019), 336–341, 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.06.004 [Epub 2019 Jun 12. PMID: 31227426].
Newton, J.B., Nuss, C.A., Weiss, S.N., Betts, R.L., Soslowsky, L.J., Novel application of in vivo microdialysis in a rat Achilles tendon acute injury model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 136:1 (2024), 43–52, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00720.2023 [Epub 2023 Nov 16. PMID: 37969085; PMCID: PMC11212791].
Alfredson, H., Forsgren, S., Thorsen, K., Lorentzon, R., In vivo microdialysis and immunohistochemical analyses of tendon tissue demonstrated high amounts of free glutamate and glutamate NMDAR1 receptors, but no signs of inflammation, in Jumper's knee. J Orthop Res 19:5 (2001), 881–886, 10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00016-X [PMID: 11562137].
Barbe, M.F., Hilliard, B.A., Fisher, P.W., White, A.R., Delany, S.P., Iannarone, V.J., et al. Blocking substance P signaling reduces musculotendinous and dermal fibrosis and sensorimotor declines in a rat model of overuse injury. Connect Tissue Res 61:6 (2020), 604–619, 10.1080/03008207.2019.1653289 [Epub 2019 Aug 23. PMID: 31443618; PMCID: PMC7036028].
Carlsson, O., Schizas, N., Li, J., Ackermann, P.W., Substance P injections enhance tissue proliferation and regulate sensory nerve ingrowth in rat tendon repair. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21:4 (2011), 562–569, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01080.x [Epub 2010 Mar 10. PMID: 20459473].
Wasker, S.V.Z., Challoumas, D., Weng, W., Murrell, G.A.C., Millar, N.L., Is neurogenic inflammation involved in tendinopathy?. A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 9(1), 2023, e001494, 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001494 [PMID: 36793930; PMCID: PMC9923261].
Jewson, J.L., Lambert, G.W., Storr, M., Gaida, J.E., The sympathetic nervous system and tendinopathy: a systematic review. Sports Med 45:5 (2015), 727–743, 10.1007/s40279-014-0300-9 [PMID: 25655371].
Ngomo, S., Mercier, C., Bouyer, L.J., Savoie, A., Roy, J.S., Alterations in central motor representation increase over time in individuals with rotator cuff tendinopathy. Clin Neurophysiol 126:2 (2015), 365–371, 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.035 [Epub 2014 Jun 21. PMID: 25043198].
Cook, J.L., Rio, E., Purdam, C.R., Docking, S.I., Revisiting the continuum model of tendon pathology: what is its merit in clinical practice and research?. Br J Sports Med 50:19 (2016), 1187–1191, 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095422 [Epub 2016 Apr 28. PMID: 27127294; PMCID: PMC5118437].
Khan, K.M., Cook, J.L., Bonar, F., Harcourt, P., Astrom, M., Histopathology of common tendinopathies. Update and implications for clinical management. Sports Med 27:6 (1999), 393–408, 10.2165/00007256-199927060-00004 [PMID: 10418074].
Khan, K.M., Cook, J.L., Maffulli, N., Kannus, P., Where is the pain coming from in tendinopathy? It may be biochemical, not only structural, in origin. Br J Sports Med 34:2 (2000), 81–83 [Erratum in: Br J Sports Med 2000;34(4):318. PMID: 10786860; PMCID: PMC1724184].
Lepley, L.K., Lepley, A.S., Onate, J.A., Grooms, D.R., Eccentric Exercise to Enhance Neuromuscular Control. Sports Health 9:4 (2017), 333–340, 10.1177/1941738117710913 [Epub 2017 Jun 1. PMID: 28571492; PMCID: PMC5496707].
Beyer, R., Kongsgaard, M., Hougs Kjær, B., Øhlenschlæger, T., Kjær, M., Magnusson, S.P., Heavy Slow Resistance Versus Eccentric Training as Treatment for Achilles Tendinopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med 43:7 (2015), 1704–1711, 10.1177/0363546515584760 [Epub 2015 May 27. PMID: 26018970].
Lim, H.Y., Wong, S.H., Effects of isometric, eccentric, or heavy slow resistance exercises on pain and function in individuals with patellar tendinopathy: A systematic review. Physiother Res Int, 23(4), 2018, e1721, 10.1002/pri.1721 [Epub 2018 Jul 4. PMID: 29972281].
Pelletier, R., Higgins, J., Bourbonnais, D., Is neuroplasticity in the central nervous system the missing link to our understanding of chronic musculoskeletal disorders?. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 16, 2015, 25, 10.1186/s12891-015-0480-y [PMID: 25887644; PMCID: PMC4331171].
Heales, L.J., Lim, E.C., Hodges, P.W., Vicenzino, B., Sensory and motor deficits exist on the non-injured side of patients with unilateral tendon pain and disability--implications for central nervous system involvement: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 48:19 (2014), 1400–1406, 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092535 [Epub 2013 Oct 21. PMID: 24144533].
Plinsinga, M.L., Brink, M.S., Vicenzino, B., van Wilgen, C.P., Evidence of Nervous System Sensitization in Commonly Presenting and Persistent Painful Tendinopathies: A Systematic Review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 45:11 (2015), 864–875, 10.2519/jospt.2015.5895 [Epub 2015 Sep 21. PMID: 26390275].
Leung, M., Rantalainen, T., Teo, W.P., Kidgell, D., The corticospinal responses of metronome-paced, but not self-paced strength training are similar to motor skill training. Eur J Appl Physiol 117:12 (2017), 2479–2492, 10.1007/s00421-017-3736-4 [Epub 2017 Oct 10. PMID: 29018949].
Leung, M., Rantalainen, T., Teo, W.P., Kidgell, D., Motor cortex excitability is not differentially modulated following skill and strength training. Neuroscience 305 (2015), 99–108, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.007 [Epub 2015 Aug 7. PMID: 26259901].
Carmody, D., Conanan, A., Moeller, D., Khoblall, S., Keating, C., Efficacy of Externally Paced Training on Pain in Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Cureus, 15(6), 2023, e39994, 10.7759/cureus.39994 [PMID: 37416030; PMCID: PMC10322165].