Sustainable food system; green transition; theory and practice; paradigm shifts; participatory research and governance
Abstract :
[en] Agroecology Living Labs (ALL) are a promising approach to support food system transformation toward sustainability. Amid rapid uptake in Europe, we critically review the foundational literature supporting ALL: sustainable transition and innovation theories and the literature on agricultural knowledge and innovation systems to highlight transformative potential. To conduct this review, a diverse team of both social and natural scientists engaged in a co-creation process. We found that transformative ALL: 1) align methods with agroecology principles, 2) utilize place-based transformation approaches, and 3) foster a paradigm shift to participatory knowledge production. We identify seeds of transformation or cross-cutting characteristics across dominant theories and research approaches to fill political space and support transformative ALL. The first seed emphasizes moving beyond technical innovation toward socioecological system governance. The second seed promotes developing ALL at the territory/landscape scale as a mediator for open innovation across the science-policy-society nexus. The third seed highlights the transformative potential of inclusive and participatory knowledge production within structures that scale via networks. ALL, if methodically facilitated and supported across decision-making scales, have the potential to usher in a new transformative participatory paradigm in Europe toward more agroecological sustainable food systems at the science-policy-society nexus.
Bindelle, Jérôme ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Animal Sciences (AS)
Busse, Maria; Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
Ciaccia, Corrado; Agriculture and Environment, CREA -Research Centre Agriculture and Environment (CREA AA), Rome, Italy
Rivera-Ferre, Marta; INGENIO (CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
López-García, Daniel; Institute for Economics, Geography and Demography (IEGD), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Kozar, Raffaela; Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
Plaas, Elke; Thuenen Institute of Farm Economics, Braunschweig, Germany
Ramos-García, María; Center for Organic and Mountain Agriculture (CAEM), Center for Scientific and Technological Research of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Guadajira, Spain
Schwarz, Gerald; Thuenen Institute of Farm Economics, Braunschweig, Germany
Abson, D. J., J., Fischer, J., Leventon, J., Newig, T., Schomerus, U., Vilsmaier, H., Von Wehrden, P., Abernethy, C. D., Ives, N. W., Jager, et al. 2017. Leverage points for sustainability transformation. Ambio46 (1):30–39. doi: 10.1007/s13280-016-0800-y.
AgroServ. 2025. Integrated services supporting a sustainable agroecological transition. https://Agroserv.Eu/.
Ajates Gonzalez, R., J., Thomas, and M., Chang. 2018. Translating agroecology into policy: The case of France and the United Kingdom. Sustainability10 (8):2930. doi: 10.3390/su10082930.
Alshukri, T., O., Seun Ojekemi, T., Öz, and A., Alzubi. 2024. The interplay of corporate social responsibility, innovation capability, organizational learning, and sustainable value creation: Does stakeholder engagement matter?Sustainability16 (13):5511. doi: 10.3390/su16135511.
Altieri, M. A., and V. M., Toledo. 2011. The agroecological revolution in Latin America: Rescuing nature, ensuring food sovereignty and empowering peasants. Journal of Peasant Studies38 (3):587–612. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2011.582947.
Anderson, C. R., J., Bruil, M. J., Chappell, C., Kiss, and M. P., Pimbert. 2019. From transition to domains of transformation: Getting to sustainable and just food systems through agroecology. Sustainability11 (19):5272. doi: 10.3390/SU11195272.
Anderson, C. R., J., Bruil, M. J., Chappell, C., Kiss, and M. P., Pimbert. 2021. Power, governance and agroecology transformations. In Agroecology now!. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-61315-0_10.
Anderson, C. R., and C., Maughan. 2021. “The innovation imperative”: The struggle over agroecology in the International food policy arena. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems5. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.619185.
Anderson, C. R., C., Maughan, and M. P., Pimbert. 2019. Transformative agroecology learning in Europe: Building consciousness, skills and collective capacity for food sovereignty. Agriculture and Human Values36 (3):531–47. doi: 10.1007/s10460-018-9894-0.
Anderson, C. R., M. P., Pimbert, M. J., Chappell, J., Brem-Wilson, P., Claeys, C., Kiss, C., Maughan, J., Milgroom, G., McAllister, N., Moeller, et al. 2020. Agroecology now - connecting the dots to enable agroecology transformations. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems44 (5):561–65. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2019.1709320.
Ayala, F., D. H., Alberton, and A., Ersoy ;, A. U., Living, D., Hernando Florez Ayala, A., Alberton, & A., Ersoy. 2022. Urban living labs: Pathways of sustainability transitions towards innovative city systems from a circular economy perspective. Sustainability14 (16):9831. doi: 10.3390/SU14169831.
Bajgier, S. M., H. D., Maragah, M. S., Saccucci, A., Verzilli, and V. R., Prybutok. 1991. Introducing students to community operations research by using a city neighborhood as a living laboratory. Operations Research39 (5):701–09. doi: 10.1287/opre.39.5.701.
Barrios, E., B., Gemmill-Herren, A., Bicksler, E., Siliprandi, R., Brathwaite, S., Moller, C., Batello, and P., Tittonell. 2020. The 10 elements of agroecology: Enabling transitions towards sustainable agriculture and food systems through visual narratives. Ecosystems and People16 (1):230–47. doi: 10.1080/26395916.2020.1808705.
Bawden, R., 2010. The Community Challenge: The Learning Response. In Social Learning Systems and Communities of Practice, ed. C., Blackmore London: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-84996-133-2_3.
Beck, S., C., Bergenholtz, M., Bogers, T.-M., Brasseur, M. L., Conradsen, D., Di Marco, A. P., Distel, L., Dobusch, D., Dörler, A., Effert, et al. 2022. The open innovation in science research field: A collaborative conceptualisation approach. Industry and Innovation29 (2):136–85. doi: 10.1080/13662716.2020.1792274.
Bellon Maurel, V., and C., Huyghe. 2017. Putting agricultural equipment and digital technologies at the cutting edge of agroecology. OCL24 (3):D307. doi: 10.1051/ocl/2017028.
Berberi, A., C., Beaudoin, C., McPhee, J., Guay, K., Bronson, and V. M., Nguyen. 2023. Enablers, barriers, and future considerations for living lab effectiveness in environmental and agricultural sustainability transitions: A review of studies evaluating living labs. Local Environment1–19. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2023.2238750.
Berg, T. R., 2018. Sustainable intensification: Definitions, principles and boundaries. Department of agroecology, Aarhus University. Facce-Jpi Knowledge Network on Sustainable Intensification Task 2 Deliverable1–11.
Bergmann, M., N., Schäpke, O., Marg, F., Stelzer, D. J., Lang, M., Bossert, M., Gantert, E., Häuβler, E., Marquardt, F. M., Piontek, et al. 2021. Transdisciplinary sustainability research in real-world labs: Success factors and methods for change. Sustainability Science16 (2):541–64. doi: 10.1007/s11625-020-00886-8.
Bezner Kerr, R., 2023. Feminist agroecology viewed through the lens of the plantationocene. Annals of the American Association of Geographers114 (10):1–8. doi: 10.1080/24694452.2023.2216779.
Boix-Fayos, C., and J., de Vente. 2023. Challenges and potential pathways towards sustainable agriculture within the European Green Deal. Agricultural Systems207:103634. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103634.
Boswell, C., and K., Smith. 2017. Rethinking policy “impact”: Four models of research-policy relations. Palgrave Communications3 (1). doi: 10.1057/s41599-017-0042-z.
Bouwma, I., S., Wigboldus, J., Potters, T., Selnes, S., van Rooij, and J., Westerink. 2022. Sustainability transitions and the contribution of living labs: A framework to assess collective capabilities and contextual performance. Sustainability (Switzerland)14 (23):15628. doi: 10.3390/su142315628.
Brock, S., L., Baker, A., Jekums, F., Ahmed, M., Fernandez, M., Montenegro de Wit, F. J., Rosado-May, V. E., Méndez, C. R., Anderson, F., DeClerck, et al. 2024. Knowledge democratization approaches for food systems transformation. Nature Food5 (5):342–45. doi: 10.1038/s43016-024-00966-3.
Brunori, G., G., Branca, L., Cembalo, M., D’Haese, and L., Dries. 2020. Agricultural and food economics: The challenge of sustainability. Agricultural and Food Economics8 (1):12. doi: 10.1186/s40100-020-00156-2.
Bulkeley, H., L., Coenen, N., Frantzeskaki, C., Hartmann, A., Kronsell, L., Mai, S., Marvin, K., McCormick, F., van Steenbergen, and Y., Voytenko Palgan. 2016. Urban living labs: Governing urban sustainability transitions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability22:13–17. doi: 10.1016/J.COSUST.2017.02.003.
Bunting, A. H., 1986. Investing in rural extension: Strategies and goals. In Extension and technical change in agriculture, ed. G. E., Jones, 37–50. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers.
Busse, M., J., Zscheischler, F., Zoll, S., Rogga, and R., Siebert. 2023. Co-design approaches in land use related sustainability science–a systematic review. Land Use Policy129:106623. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106623.
Carpentier, N., 2018. Beyond the ladder of participation: An analytical toolkit for the critical analysis of participatory media processes. In Critical perspectives on media, power and change, ed. I. T., Trivundža, H., Nieminen, N., Carpentier, and J., Trappel, 1st ed. 67–85. London: Routledge.
Cascone, G., A., Scuderi, P., Guarnaccia, and G., Timpanaro. 2024. Promoting innovations in agriculture: Living labs in the development of rural areas. Journal of Cleaner Production443:141247. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141247.
Castella, J. C., G., Lestrelin, S., Phimmasone, H. T., Quoc, and P., Lienhard. 2022. The role of actor networks in enabling agroecological innovation: Lessons from Laos. Sustainability (Switzerland)14 (6):3550. doi: 10.3390/su14063550.
Cerf, M., 2011. Is participatory research a scientific practice?Journal of Rural Studies27 (4):414–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.10.004.
Ceseracciu, C., G., Branca, R., Deriu, and P. P., Roggero. 2023. Using the right words or using the words right? Re-conceptualising living labs for systemic innovation in socio-ecological systems. Journal of Rural Studies104:103154. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103154.
Chaudhary, A., D., Gustafson, and A., Mathys. 2018. Multi-indicator sustainability assessment of global food systems. Nature Communications9 (1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03308-7.
Cooke, B., and U., Kothari. 2001. Participation: the new tyranny?London & New York: Zed books.
Coquil, X., M., Cerf, C., Auricoste, A., Joannon, F., Barcellini, P., Cayre, M., Chizallet, B., Dedieu, N., Hostiou, F., Hellec, et al. 2018. Questioning the work of farmers, advisors, teachers and researchers in agro-ecological transition. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development38 (5):47. doi: 10.1007/s13593-018-0524-4.
Cornish, F., N., Breton, U., Moreno-Tabarez, J., Delgado, M., Rua, A., de-Graft Aikins, and D., Hodgetts. 2023. Participatory action research. Nature Reviews Methods Primers3 (1):34. doi: 10.1038/s43586-023-00214-1.
Deh-Tor, C. M., 2021. Food as an urban question, and the foundations of a reproductive, agroecological, urbanism. In Resourcing an agroecological urbanism political, transformational and territorial dimensionsan agroecological urbanism political, transformational and territorial dimensions, ed. C., Tornaghi and M., Dehaene. London: Routledge.
DeLonge, M. S., A., Miles, and L., Carlisle. 2016. Investing in the transition to sustainable agriculture. Environmental Science and Policy55:266–73. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2015.09.013.
DeLosríos-White, M. I., M., Desole, and European Network of Living Labs. 2025. Living lab origins, developments, and future perspectives. Zenodo. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14764597.
Dewey, J., 1904. The relation of theory to practice in education. Teachers College Record5 (6):9–30. doi: 10.1177/016146810400500601.
Duru, M., O., Therond, and M., Fares. 2015. Designing agroecological transitions; a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development35 (4):1237–57. doi: 10.1007/s13593-015-0318-x.
Eicher, C. K., 2001. Staff paper Africa’s unfinished business: Building sustainable agricultural research systems.
El Bilali, H., 2019a. Innovation-sustainability nexus in agriculture transition: Case of agroecology. Open Agriculture4 (1):1–16. doi: 10.1515/opag-2019-0001.
El Bilali, H., 2019b. The multi-level perspective in research on sustainability transitions in agriculture and food systems: A systematic review. Agriculture9 (4):74. doi: 10.3390/AGRICULTURE9040074.
Elzen, B., M., Barbier, M., Cerf, and J., Grin. 2012. Stimulating transitions towards sustainable farming systems. In Farming Systems Research into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic, ed. I., Darnhofer, D., Gibbon, and B., Dedieu Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4503-2_19.
European Commission. 2024. European partnerships in food, bioeconomy, natural resources, agriculture and environment. December11. https://Research-and-Innovation.Ec.Europa.Eu/Funding/Funding-Opportunities/Funding-Programmes-and-Open-Calls/Horizon-Europe/European-Partnerships-Horizon-Europe/Food-Bioeconomy-Natural-Resources-Agriculture-and-Environment_en.
FAO. 2014. Agroecology for food security and nutrition. Proceedings of the FAO International Symposium. Food and agriculure organisation. Rome, Italy.
FAO. 2019. Tape tool for agroecology performance evaluation 2019- process of development and TAPE. Test version. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca7407en/.
Fernandez, M., K., Goodall, M., Olson, and V. E., Méndez. 2013. Agroecology and alternative agri-food movements in the United States: Toward a sustainable agri-food system. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems37 (1):115–26. doi: 10.1080/10440046.2012.735633.
Folke, C., S. R., Carpenter, B., Walker, M., Scheffer, T., Chapin, and J., Rockström. 2010. Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society15 (4):20. doi: 10.5751/ES-03610-150420.
Francis, C., G., Lieblein, S., Gliessman, T. A., Breland, N., Creamer, R., Harwood, L., Salomonsson, J., Helenius, D., Rickerl, R., Salvador, et al. 2003. Agroecology: The ecology of food systems. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture22 (3):99–118. doi: 10.1300/J064v22n03_10.
Frank, M., M. M., Amoroso, M., Propedo, and B., Kaufmann. 2022. Co-inquiry in agroecology research with farmers: Transdisciplinary co-creation of contextualized and actionable knowledge. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems46 (4):510–39. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2021.2020948.
Frantzeskaki, N., F., van Steenbergen, and R. C., Stedman. 2018. Sense of place and experimentation in urban sustainability transitions: The resilience lab in Carnisse, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Sustainability Science13 (4):1045–59. doi: 10.1007/s11625-018-0562-5/FIGURES/3.
Freire, P., 1973. Extension or communication? Awareness in rural areas. Siglo XXI: Tierra Nueva.
Freire, P., 1975. Education for liberation. London: One World.
Gamache, G., J., Anglade, R., Feche, F., Barataud, C., Mignolet, and X., Coquil. 2020. Can living labs offer a pathway to support local agri-food sustainability transitions?Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions37:93–107. doi: 10.1016/j.eist.2020.08.002.
Garnett, T., 2014. Three perspectives on sustainable food security: Efficiency, demand restraint, food system transformation. What role for life cycle assessment?Journal of Cleaner Production73:10–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.045.
Gascuel-Odoux, C., F., Lescourret, B., Dedieu, C., Detang-Dessendre, P., Faverdin, L., Hazard, I., Litrico-Chiarelli, S., Petit, L., Roques, X., Reboud, et al. 2022. A research agenda for scaling up agroecology in European countries. Agronomy for Sustainable Development42 (3). doi: 10.1007/s13593-022-00786-4.
Gava, O., A., Povellato, F., Galioto, J., Pražan, G., Schwarz, A. L., Quero, U. Y., Iragui, C. A., Massa, A., Zīlāns, and J., Carolus. 2022. Policy instruments to support agroecological transitions in Europe. EuroChoices21 (3):13–20. doi: 10.1111/1746-692X.12367.
Gava, O., F., Vanni, G., Schwarz, E., Guisepelli, A., Vincent, J., Prazan, and A., Povellato. 2025. Governance networks for agroecology transitions in rural Europe. Journal of Rural Studies114:103482. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103482.
Geels, F. W., 2002. Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: A multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research Policy31 (8–9):1257–74. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00062-8.
Geels, F. W., 2011. The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions: Responses to seven criticisms. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions1 (1):24–40. doi: 10.1016/J.EIST.2011.02.002.
Geels, F. W., 2012. A socio-technical analysis of low-carbon transitions: Introducing the multi-level perspective into transport studies. Journal of Transport Geography24:471–82. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.021.
Geels, F. W., 2019. Socio-technical transitions to sustainability: A review of criticisms and elaborations of the multi-level perspective. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability39:187–201. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2019.06.009.
Geels, F. W., F., Kern, and W. C., Clark. 2023. Sustainability transitions in consumption-production systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America120 (47). doi: 10.1073/pnas.2310070120.
Gibson-Graham, J. K., 2006. A postcapitalist politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Giraldo, O. F., and P. M., Rosset. 2018. Agroecology as a territory in dispute: Between institutionality and social movements. Journal of Peasant Studies45 (3):545–64. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2017.1353496.
Gliessman, S., 2016. Transforming food systems with agroecology. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems40 (3):187–89. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2015.1130765.
Gliessman, S., and M., de Wit Montenegro. 2021. Agroecology at the UN Food Systems Summit. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems45 (10):1417–21. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2021.1976474.
Gliessman, S. R., 2020. Transforming food and agriculture systems with agroecology. Agriculture and Human Values37 (3):547–48. doi: 10.1007/s10460-020-10058-0.
Global Alliance for the Future of Food. 2021. The politics of knowledge: Understanding the evidence for agroecology, regenerative approaches, and indigenous foodways. doi: 10.1108/eb050658.
Glucker, A. N., P. P. J., Driessen, A., Kolhoff, and H. A. C., Runhaar. 2013. Public participation in environmental impact assessment: Why, who and how?Environmental Impact Assessment Review43:104–11. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2013.06.003.
Godin, B., G., Gaglio, and D., Vinck. 2021. Introduction to the handbook on alternative theories of innovation. In Handbook on alternative theories of innovation, ed. B. Godin, G. Gaglio and D. Vinck, 1–9. Cheltenham & Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi: 10.4337/9781789902303.00007.
Gonzalez de Molina, M., 2013. Agroecology and politics. How to get sustainability? About the necessity for a political agroecology. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems37 (1):45–59. doi: 10.1080/10440046.2012.705810.
Guittard, A., E., Kastanidi, E., Akinsete, H., Berg, C., Carter, G., Maneas, J., Martínez-López, J., Martínez-Fernandez, D., Papadatos, J., de Vente, et al. 2024. Using multi-actor labs as a tool to drive sustainability transitions in coastal-rural territories: Application in three European regions. GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society33 (1):57–63. doi: 10.14512/gaia.33.S1.9.
Hakkarainen, V., K., Mäkinen-Rostedt, A., Horcea-Milcu, D., D’Amato, J., Jämsä, and K., Soini. 2022. Transdisciplinary research in natural resources management: Towards an integrative and transformative use of co-concepts. Sustainable Development30 (2):309–25. doi: 10.1002/sd.2276.
Hallonsten, O., H., Eriksson, and A., Collsiöö. 2020. The role of research infrastructures in innovation systems: The case of Swedish participation in the Halden Reactor Project. In Big Science and Research Infrastructures in Europe, 177–97. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Higgins, V., M., Bryant, A., Howell, and J., Battersby. 2017. Ordering adoption: Materiality, knowledge and farmer engagement with precision agriculture technologies. Journal of Rural Studies55:193–202. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.011.
HLPE. 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition.
Hossain, M., S., Leminen, and M., Westerlund. 2019. A systematic review of living lab literature. Journal of Cleaner Production213:976–88. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.257.
Ingram, J., 2015. Framing niche-regime linkage as adaptation: An analysis of learning and innovation networks for sustainable agriculture across Europe. Journal of Rural Studies40:59–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.06.003.
Iocola, I., C., Ciaccia, L., Colombo, B., Grard, S., Maurino, A., Wezel, and S., Canali. 2023. Agroecology research in Europe funded by European and transnational programmes: Current status and perspectives. Open Research Europe2:139. doi: 10.12688/openreseurope.15264.2.
Ison, R. L., K. B., Collins, and B. L., Iaquinto. 2021. Designing an inquiry‐based learning system: Innovating in research praxis to transform science–policy–practice relations for sustainable development. Systems Research and Behavioral Science38 (5):610–24. doi: 10.1002/sres.2811.
Iyabano, A., L., Klerkx, G., Faure, and A., Toillier. 2022. Farmers’ organizations as innovation intermediaries for agroecological innovations in Burkina Faso. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability20 (5):857–73. doi: 10.1080/14735903.2021.2002089.
Kelinsky-Jones, L. R., K. L., Niewolny, and M. O., Stephenson. 2023. Building agroecological traction: Engaging discourse, the imaginary, and critical praxis for food system transformation. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems7. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1128430.
Kemmis, S., R., McTaggart, and R., Nixon. 2014. Doing Critical Participatory Action Research: The ‘Planner’ Part. In The Action Research Planner. Singapore: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-981-4560-67-2_5.
Klerkx, L., 2023. Towards agricultural innovation systems 4.0?: Supporting directionality, diversity, distribution and democracy in food systems transformation. doi: 10.18174/634949.
Klerkx, L., and S., Begemann. 2020. Supporting food systems transformation: The what, why, who, where and how of mission-oriented agricultural innovation systems. Agricultural Systems184:102901. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102901.
Klerkx, L., B., van Mierlo, and C., Leeuwis. 2012. Evolution of systems approaches to agricultural innovation: concepts, analysis and interventions. In Farming Systems Research into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic, ed. I., Darnhofer, D., Gibbon, and B., Dedieu Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4503-2_20.
Knierim, A., 2024. Why use the microAKIS concept?The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension1–12. doi: 10.1080/1389224X.2024.2402307.
Lam, D. P. M., B., Martín-López, A., Wiek, E. M., Bennett, N., Frantzeskaki, A. I., Horcea-Milcu, and D. J., Lang. 2020. Scaling the impact of sustainability initiatives: A typology of amplification processes. Urban Transformations2 (1):3. doi: 10.1186/s42854-020-00007-9.
Lamine, C., I., Darnhofer, and T. K., Marsden. 2019. What enables just sustainability transitions in agrifood systems? An exploration of conceptual approaches using international comparative case studies. Journal of Rural Studies68:144–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.03.010.
Lamine, C., D., Magda, and M. J., Amiot. 2019. Crossing sociological, ecological, and nutritional perspectives on agrifood systems transitions: Towards a transdisciplinary territorial approach. Sustainability11 (5):1284. doi: 10.3390/SU11051284.
Lamine, C., P., Pugliese, F., Barataud, G., Berti, and A., Rossi. 2023. Italian biodistricts and French territorial food projects: How science-policy-experience interplays shape the framings of transitions towards sustainable territorial food systems. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems7. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1223270.
Leminen, S., and M., Westerlund. 2019. Living labs: From scattered initiatives to a global movement. Creativity and Innovation Management28 (2):250–64. doi: 10.1111/caim.12310.
Levidow, L., P., Lindgaard-Jørgensen, Å., Nilsson, S. A., Skenhall, and D., Assimacopoulos. 2016. Process eco-innovation: Assessing meso-level eco-efficiency in industrial water-service systems. Journal of Cleaner Production110:54–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.086.
Levidow, L., M., Pimbert, and G., Vanloqueren. 2014. Agroecological research: Conforming—or transforming the dominant agro-food regime?Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems38 (10):1127–55. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2014.951459.
Levidow, L., and S., Raman. 2020. Sociotechnical imaginaries of low-carbon waste-energy futures: UK techno-market fixes displacing public accountability. Social Studies of Science50 (4):609–41. doi: 10.1177/0306312720905084.
Levidow, L., D., Sansolo, and M., Schiavinatto. 2021. Agroecological innovation constructing socionatural order for social transformation: Two case studies in Brazil. Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society4 (1). doi: 10.1080/25729861.2020.1843318.
Levidow, L., D., Sansolo, and M., Schiavinatto. 2023. Territorialising local food systems for an agroecological transition in Latin America. The Land12 (8):1577. doi: 10.3390/land12081577.
Lewin, K., 1946. Action research and minority problems. The Journal of Social Issues2 (4):34–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1946.tb02295.x.
Lieblein, G., T. A., Breland, C., Francis, and E., Østergaard. 2012. Agroecology education: Action-oriented learning and research. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension18 (1):27–40. doi: 10.1080/1389224X.2012.638781.
Loorbach, D., and J., Rotmans. 2006. Managing transitions for sustainable development. Understanding Industrial Transformation44:187–206. doi: 10.1007/1-4020-4418-6_10.
López-García, D., and M., Carrascosa-García. 2024. Sustainable food policies without sustainable farming? Challenges for agroecology-oriented farmers in relation to urban (sustainable) food policies. Journal of Rural Studies105:103160. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103160.
López-García, D., M., Cuéllar-Padilla, A., de Azevedo Olival, N. P., Laranjeira, V. E., Méndez, Y., Peredo, S., Parada, C. A., Barbosa, C., Barrera Salas, M., Caswell, et al. 2021. Building agroecology with people. Challenges of participatory methods to deepen on the agroecological transition in different contexts. Journal of Rural Studies83:257–67. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.02.003.
López-García, D., J., García-García, V., García-García, O., Rada-Sereno, and G., Vázquez-Macías. 2025. What is transformative in participatory approaches to territorial agroecological transitions? A systematization of five case studies in Spain. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems49 (7):1–39. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2025.2456946.
López-García, D., and M., González de Molina. 2021. An operational approach to agroecology-based local agri-food systems. Sustainability13 (15):8443. doi: 10.3390/su13158443.
Lupp, G., A., Zingraff-Hamed, J. J., Huang, A., Oen, and S., Pauleit. 2021. Living labs—a concept for co-designing nature-base solutions. Sustainability (Switzerland)13 (1):1–22. doi: 10.3390/su13010188.
MACS. 2019. Agroecosystem living laboratories.
Madsen-Østerbye, J., 2015. Akis and advisory services in Denmark report for the Akis inventory (WP3) of the Pro Akis project.
Madureira, L., P., Labarthe, C. S., Marques, and G., Santos. 2022. Exploring microAKIS: Farmer-centric evidence on the role of advice in agricultural innovation in Europe. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension28 (5):549–75. doi: 10.1080/1389224X.2022.2123838.
Magrini, M. B., G., Martin, M. A., Magne, M., Duru, N., Couix, L., Hazard, and G., Plumecocq. 2019. Agroecological transition from farms to territorialised agri-food systems: Issues and drivers. In Agroecological transitions: from theory to practice in local participatory design, ed. J.-E., Bergez, E., Audouin, and O., Therond, 69–98. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-01953-2.
Manzini, E., 2015. Design, when everybody designs - an introduction to design for social innovation.
Markard, J., R., Raven, and B., Truffer. 2012. Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects. Research Policy41 (6):955–67. doi: 10.1016/J.RESPOL.2012.02.013.
Mason, R. E., A., White, G., Bucini, J., Anderzén, V. E., Méndez, and S. C., Merrill. 2021. The evolving landscape of agroecological research. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems45 (4):551–91. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2020.1845275.
McPhee, C., M., Bancerz, M., Mambrini-Doudet, F., Chrétien, C., Huyghe, and J., Gracia-Garza. 2021. The defining characteristics of agroecosystem living labs. Sustainability (Switzerland)13 (4):1–25. doi: 10.3390/su13041718.
Mehrabi, S., J. C., Perez-Mesa, and C., Giagnocavo. 2022. The role of consumer-citizens and connectedness to nature in the sustainable transition to agroecological food systems: The mediation of innovative business models and a multi-level perspective. Agriculture (Switzerland)12 (2). doi: 10.3390/agriculture12020203.
Méndez, V., M., Caswell, S., Gliessman, and R., Cohen. 2017. Integrating agroecology and participatory action research (PAR): Lessons from Central America. Sustainability9 (5):705. doi: 10.3390/su9050705.
Méndez, V. E., C. M., Bacon, and R., Cohen. 2013. Agroecology as a transdisciplinary, participatory, and action-oriented approach. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems37 (1):3–18. doi: 10.1080/10440046.2012.736926.
Mier, Y., M., Terán Giménez Cacho, O. F., Giraldo, M., Aldasoro, H., Morales, B. G., Ferguson, P., Rosset, A., Khadse, and C., Campos. 2018. Bringing agroecology to scale: Key drivers and emblematic cases. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems42 (6):637–65. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2018.1443313.
Miller, D., S., Legras, A., Barnes, M., Cazacu, O., Gava, J., Helin, K., Irvine, J., Kantelhardt, J., Landert, L., Latruffe, et al. 2022. Creating conditions for harnessing the potential of transitions to agroecology in Europe and requirements for policy. Eurochoices21 (3):72–79. doi: 10.1111/1746-692X.12374.
Mitchell, D. W., and C., Bruckner Coles. 2004. Establishing a continuing business model innovation process. The Journal of Business Strategy25 (3):39–49. doi: 10.1108/02756660410536991.
Moeller, N. I., M., Geck, C., Anderson, C., Barahona, C., Broudic, R., Cluset, G., Henriques, F., Leippert, D., Mills, A., Minhaj, et al. 2023. Measuring agroecology: Introducing a methodological framework and a community of practice approach. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene11 (1). doi: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00042.
Moeyersons, M., and E., Mathijs. 2024. The importance of microAKIS members in the strategic decisions of Flemish horticulture farmers. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension30 (5):733–52. doi: 10.1080/1389224X.2023.2255173.
Mouhamed, R. S., A. J., Bicksler, A., Mottet, D., Lucantoni, and E., Barrios. 2023. The 10 elements of agroecology interconnected: Making them operational in FAO’s work on agroecology. Elementa11 (1). doi: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00041.
Nagel, U. J., 1979. Knowledge flows in agriculture: Linking research, extension and the farmer. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture18 (2):135–50.
Neef, A., and D., Neubert. 2011. Stakeholder participation in agricultural research projects: A conceptual framework for reflection and decision-making. Agriculture and Human Values28 (2):179–94. doi: 10.1007/s10460-010-9272-z.
Newig, J., N. W., Jager, E., Challies, and E., Kochskämper. 2023. Does stakeholder participation improve environmental governance? Evidence from a meta-analysis of 305 case studies. Global Environmental Change82:102705. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102705.
Nguyen, H. T., and P., Marques. 2022. The promise of living labs to the quadruple helix stakeholders: Exploring the sources of (dis)satisfaction. European Planning Studies30 (6):1124–43. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2021.1968798.
Nicholls, C. I., and M. A., Altieri. 2018. Pathways for the amplification of agroecology. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems42 (10):1170–93. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2018.1499578.
Ollivier, G., D., Magda, A., Mazé, G., Plumecocq, and C., Lamine. 2018. Agroecological transitions: What can sustainability transition frameworks teach us? An ontological and empirical analysis. Ecology and Society, Accessed Accessed April17, 2018, 23(2). doi: 10.5751/ES-09952-230205.
Olsson, P., M. L., Moore, F. R., Westley, and D. D. P., McCarthy. 2017. The concept of the Anthropocene as a game-changer: A new context for social innovation and transformations to sustainability. Ecology and Society22 (2). doi: 10.5751/ES-09310-220231.
Oxfam. 2014. Building a new agricultural future: Supporting agro-ecology for people and the planet.
Peeters, A., O., Lefebvre, L., Balogh, P., Barberi, C., Batello, S., Bellon, T., Gaifami, V., Gkisakis, M., Lana, P., Migliorini, et al. 2020. A green deal for implementing agroecological systems: Reforming the common agricultural policy of the European Union. Landbauforschung70 (2):83–93. doi: 10.3220/LBF1610123299000.
Pigford, A.-A. E., G. M., Hickey, and L., Klerkx. 2018. Beyond agricultural innovation systems? Exploring an agricultural innovation ecosystems approach for niche design and development in sustainability transitions. Agricultural Systems164:116–21. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2018.04.007.
Potters, J., K., Collins, H., Schoorlemmer, E. P., Stræte, E., Kilis, A., Lane, and H., Leloup. 2022. Living labs as an approach to strengthen agricultural knowledge and innovation systems. EuroChoices21 (1):23–29. doi: 10.1111/1746-692X.12342.
Pretty, J., T. G., Benton, Z. P., Bharucha, L. V., Dicks, C. B., Flora, H. C. J., Godfray, D., Goulson, S., Hartley, N., Lampkin, C., Morris, et al. 2018. Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nature Sustainability1 (8):441–46. doi: 10.1038/s41893-018-0114-0.
Prost, L., G., Martin, R., Ballot, M., Benoit, J. E., Bergez, C., Bockstaller, M., Cerf, V., Deytieux, L., Hossard, M. H., Jeuffroy, et al. 2023. Key research challenges to supporting farm transitions to agroecology in advanced economies. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development43 (1). doi: 10.1007/s13593-022-00855-8.
Quinio, M., L., Guichard, P., Salazar, F., Détienne, and M. H., Jeuffroy. 2022. Cognitive resources to promote exploration in agroecological systems design. Agricultural Systems196:103334. doi: 10.1016/J.AGSY.2021.103334.
Rastorgueva, N., C. F., Bassignana, E., Angarita, A., Fasso, J., Hassink, M., Goris, U., Schmutz, J., Conroy, S., Dinç, A., Wezel, et al. 2025. Agroecological living labs as entry points for transition towards sustainable food systems: A novel framework for the evaluation of living labs at different scales. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems1–34. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2025.2477215.
Reed, M. S., S., Vella, E., Challies, J., de Vente, L., Frewer, D., Hohenwallner‐Ries, T., Huber, R. K., Neumann, E. A., Oughton, J., Sidoli Del Ceno, et al. 2018. A theory of participation: What makes stakeholder and public engagement in environmental management work?Restoration Ecology26 (S1). doi: 10.1111/rec.12541.
Riddell, D., and M.-L., Moore. 2015. Scaling out, scaling up, scaling deep.
RISE. 2014. Rural investment support for Europe: Activity report 2014.
Rivera, W. M., M. K., Qamar, and H. K., Mandemere. 2005. Enhancing coordination among AKIS/RD actors: An analytical and comparative review of country studies on agricultural knowledge and information systems for rural development (AKIS/RD).
Rivera-Ferre, M. G., 2018. The resignification process of agroecology: Competing narratives from governments, civil society and intergovernmental organizations. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems42 (6):666–85. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2018.1437498.
Röling, N., 1987. Occasional papers in rural extension. Department of rural extension studies. Wageningen, Netherlands: University of Guelph.
Sachet, E., O., Mertz, J. F., Le Coq, G. S., Cruz-Garcia, W., Francesconi, M., Bonin, and M., Quintero. 2021. Agroecological transitions: A systematic review of research approaches and prospects for participatory action methods. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems5. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.709401.
SAM. 2020. Towards a sustainable food system: Moving from food as a commodity to food as more of a common good: Independent expert report.
SCAR-SRIA. 2023. The strategic research and innovation agenda for the candidate European partnership “accelerating farming systems transition: Agroecology living labs and research infrastructures”.
Schäpke, N., F., Stelzer, G., Caniglia, M., Bergmann, M., Wanner, M., Singer-Brodowski, D., Loorbach, P., Olsson, C., Baedeker, and D. J., Lang. 2018. Jointly experimenting for transformation?: Shaping real-world laboratories by comparing them. Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society27 (1):85–96. doi: 10.14512/gaia.27.s1.16.
Schlaile, M. P., J., Friedrich, and J., Zscheischler. 2024. Rethinking regional embeddedness and innovation systems for transitions towards just, responsible, and circular bioeconomies. Circular Economy2 (1). doi: 10.55845/DTFI9420.
Schot, J., and W. E., Steinmueller. 2018. Three frames for innovation policy: R&D, systems of innovation and transformative change. Research Policy47 (9):1554–67. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2018.08.011.
Sevilla-Guzmán, E., and G., Woodgate. 1997. Sustainable rural development: From industrial agriculture to agroecology. In The international handbook of environmental sociology, ed. M. Redclift and G. Woodgate, 83–100. Cheltenham & Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi: 10.4337/9781843768593.00013.
Seyfang, G., and A., Haxeltine. 2012. Growing grassroots innovations: Exploring the role of community-based initiatives in governing sustainable energy transitions. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy30 (3):381–400. doi: 10.1068/c10222.
Skaalsveen, K., J., Ingram, and J., Urquhart. 2020. The role of farmers’ social networks in the implementation of no-till farming practices. Agricultural Systems181:181. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102824.
Snapp, S. S., R., Bezner Kerr, A., Bybee-Finley, R., Chikowo, L., Dakishoni, P., Grabowski, E., Lupafya, W., Mhango, V. L., Morrone, L., Shumba, et al. 2023. Participatory action research generates knowledge for sustainable development goals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment21 (7):341–49. doi: 10.1002/fee.2591.
Soares Dal Poz, M. E., P. S., de Arruda Ignácio, A., Azevedo, E. C., Francisco, A. L., Piolli, G., Gheorghiu da Silva, and T., Pereira Ribeiro. 2022. Food, energy and water nexus: An urban living laboratory development for sustainable systems transition. Sustainability14 (12):7163. doi: 10.3390/SU14127163.
Sonnino, R., 2023. Food system transformation: Urban perspectives. Cities134:104164. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2022.104164.
Stone, T. F., V., Nichols, and M. H., Thorsøe. 2024. Exploring the position of farmers within the European green transition: Transformation for whom?Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems8. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2024.1456987.
Stuiver, M., 2006. Highlighting the retro side of innovation and its potential for regime change in agriculture. Research in Rural Sociology and Development12:147–73. doi: 10.1016/S1057-1922(06)12007-7.
Sutherland, L. A., A., Adamsone-Fiskovica, B., Elzen, A., Koutsouris, C., Laurent, E. P., Stræte, and P., Labarthe. 2023. Advancing AKIS with assemblage thinking. Journal of Rural Studies97:57–69. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.11.005.
Sutherland, L. A., and P., Labarthe. 2022. Introducing ‘microAKIS’: A farmer-centric approach to understanding the contribution of advice to agricultural innovation. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension28 (5):525–47. doi: 10.1080/1389224X.2022.2121903.
Thorsøe, M. H., S. V., Iversen, C., De Notaris, I., Trkulja, T. R., Berg, S., Fosselle, J., Bijttebier, E., Kohler, B., Goldel, J. M. A., Castuera, et al. 2022. Drivers of agroecology transition.
SCAR-AE,Tinois, N., B., RSanchez, and T. R., Berg. 2022. Accelerating farming systems transition: Agroecology living labs and research infrastructures. In Draft proposal for a European partnership under Horizon Europe, 1–73. Brussels, Belgium: SCAR Strategic Working Group on Agroecology (SCAR-AE), March30. https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/document/download/bb604022-acee-4ebd-bcd7-a6c1e0688385_en?filename=european_partnership_for_accelerating_farming_systems_transition_march_2022.pdf.
Toffolini, Q., M., Capitaine, M., Hannachi, and M., Cerf. 2021. Implementing agricultural living labs that renew actors’ roles within existing innovation systems: A case study in France. Journal of Rural Studies88:157–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.10.015.
Toffolini, Q., M., Hannachi, M., Capitaine, and M., Cerf. 2023. Ideal-types of experimentation practices in agricultural living labs: Various appropriations of an open innovation model. Agricultural Systems208:103661. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103661.
Tomich, T. P., S., Brodt, H., Ferris, R., Galt, W. R., Horwath, E., Kebreab, J. H. J., Leveau, D., Liptzin, M., Lubell, P., Merel, et al. 2011. Agroecology: A review from a global-change perspective. Annual Review of Environment and Resources36 (1):193–222. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-012110-121302.
Tornaghi, C., and M., Dehaene. 2020. The prefigurative power of urban political agroecology: Rethinking the urbanisms of agroecological transitions for food system transformation. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems44 (5):594–610. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2019.1680593.
Touzard, J. M., and S., Fournier. 2014. La complexité des systèmes alimentaires: un atout pour la sécurité alimentaire?Vertigo14 (1). https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1027948ar.
Utter, A., A., White, V. E., Méndez, and K., Morris. 2021. Co-creation of knowledge in agroecology. Elementa9 (1). doi: 10.1525/elementa.2021.00026.
Vaarst, M., A. G., Escudero, M. J., Chappell, C., Brinkley, R., Nijbroek, N. A. M., Arraes, L., Andreasen, A., Gattinger, G. F., De Almeida, D., Bossio, et al. 2018. Exploring the concept of agroecological food systems in a city-region context. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems42 (6):686–711. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2017.1365321.
Van Waes, A., A., Nikolaeva, and R., Raven. 2021. Challenges and dilemmas in strategic urban experimentation an analysis of four cycling innovation living labs. Technological Forecasting and Social Change172:121004. doi: 10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2021.121004.
Vaughn, L. M., and F., Jacquez. 2020. Participatory research methods–choice points in the research process. Journal of Participatory Research Methods1 (1). doi: 10.35844/001c.13244.
Vicente-Vicente, J. L., J., Borderieux, K., Martens, M., González-Rosado, and B., Walthall. 2023. Scaling agroecology for food system transformation in metropolitan areas: Agroecological characterization and role of knowledge in community-supported agriculture farms connected to a food hub in Berlin, Germany. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems47 (6):857–89. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2023.2187003.
Von Wirth, T., L., Fuenfschilling, N., Frantzeskaki, and L., Coenen. 2019. Impacts of urban living labs on sustainability transitions: Mechanisms and strategies for systemic change through experimentation. European Planning Studies27 (2):229–57. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2018.1504895.
Voss, R. C., S., Freed, T., Falk, A. M., Rietveld, R., Adam, V., Alary, M., Beltrán, H., Braiki, A., Frija, N. G., Djurfeldt, et al. 2024. Agency and behavior change in agri-food systems transformation: Lessons from the CGIAR agroecology initiative.
Walthall, B., J. L., Vicente-Vicente, J., Friedrich, A., Piorr, and D., López-García. 2024. Complementing or co-opting? Applying an integrative framework to assess the transformative capacity of approaches that make use of the term agroecology. Environmental Science and Policy156:103748. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103748.
Wehrmann, C., C., Pentzold, I., Rothe, and A., Bischof. 2023. Introduction: Living labs under construction. Journal of Science Communication22 (3). doi: 10.22323/2.22030501.
Wezel, A., S., Bellon, T., Doré, C., Francis, D., Vallod, and C., David. 2009. Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development29 (4):503–15. doi: 10.1051/agro/2009004.
Wezel, A., H., Brives, M., Casagrande, C., Clément, A., Dufour, and P., Vandenbroucke. 2016. Agroecology territories: Places for sustainable agricultural and food systems and biodiversity conservation. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems40 (2):132–44. doi: 10.1080/21683565.2015.1115799.
Wezel, A., J., Goette, E., Lagneaux, G., Passuello, E., Reisman, C., Rodier, and G., Turpin. 2018. Agroecology in Europe: Research, education, collective action networks, and alternative food systems. Sustainability (Switzerland)10 (4):1214. doi: 10.3390/su10041214.
Wezel, A., B. G., Herren, R. B., Kerr, E., Barrios, A. L. R., Gonçalves, and F., Sinclair. 2020. Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustainable food systems. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development40 (6):40. doi: 10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z.
Wheeler, S. A., 2008. What influences agricultural professionals’ views towards organic agriculture?Ecological Economics65 (1):145–54.
Willett, W., J., Rockström, B., Loken, M., Springmann, T., Lang, S., Vermeulen, T., Garnett, D., Tilman, F., DeClerck, A., Wood, et al. 2019. Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet393 (10170):447–92. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4.
Zagata, L., L., Sutherland, J., Hrabák, and M., Lostak. 2020. Mobilising the past: Towards a conceptualisation of retro‐innovation. Sociologia Ruralis60 (3):639–60. doi: 10.1111/soru.12310.
Zavratnik, V., A., Superina, and E., Stojmenova Duh. 2019. Living labs for rural areas: Contextualization of living lab frameworks, concepts and practices. Sustainability11 (14):3797. doi: 10.3390/su11143797.
Zerbian, T., A., Moragues-Faus, D., López-García, and L., García-García. 2024. Territorialising knowledge-policy interfaces: Lessons from urban food governance spaces. Environmental Science and Policy161:103883. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2024.103883.
Zuber-Skerritt, O., 2018. An educational framework for participatory action learning and action research (PALAR). Educational Action Research26 (4):513–32. doi: 10.1080/09650792.2018.1464939.