[en] The proposed HI-LITE Explorer will investigate the global ion outflow from the high-latitude ionosphere, its relationship to auroral features, and the consequences of this outflow on magnetospheric processes. The unique nature of the HI-LITE Explorer images will allow temporal and spatial features of the global ion outflow to be determined. The mission's scientific motivation comes from the fundamental role high-latitude ionospheric ions play in the dynamics of the solar wind driven magnetospheric-ionospheric system. These outflows are a major source of plasma for the magnetosphere and it is believed they play an important role in the triggering of substorms. In addition this paper describes the HI-LITE spacecraft and instruments.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Smith, Mark F; NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr.
Herrero, Federico A; Univ. Bern
Hesse, Michael; Boston Univ.
Baker, Daniel N; Univ. of Denver
Bochsler, Peter; Univ. of Liege
Wurz, Peter; Lockheed Palo Alto Research Lab.
Balsiger, Hans; NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr.
Chakrabarti, Supriya; Univ. of New Hampshire
Erickson, Gary; Rutherford Appleton Lab.
Cotton, Daniel M; Southwest Research Institute
Stephen, Thomas S
Jamar, Claude ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Gérard, Jean-Claude ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Labo de physique atmosphérique et planétaire (LPAP)
Yau, A. W., E. G. Shelley, W. K. Peterson , and L. Lenchyshyn, Energetic auroral and polar ion outflow at DE 1 altitudes: Magnitude, composition , and magnetic activity dependence and long term variations, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 8417, 1985.
Lennartsson W. , and E. G. Shelley, Survey of 0. 1-16 keV/e plasma sheet ion composition, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3061, 1986.
Chappell, C. R., T. E. Moore , and J. H. Waite, Jr., The ionosphere as a fully adequate source of plasma for the Earth's magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 5896, 1987.
Chandler, M. O., J. H. Waite, Jr. , and T. E. Moore, Observations of polar ion outflows, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1421, 1990.
Young, D. T., H. Balsiger , and J. Geiss, Correlations of magnetospheric ion composition with geomagnetic and solar activity, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 9077, 1982.
Banks, P. M. , and T. E. Holzer, High-latitude plasma transport: The polar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 6317, 1969.
Moore, T. E., Modulation of terrestrial ion escape flux composition, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 2011, 1980.
Moore, T. E., Superthermal ionospheric outflows, Revs. Geophys. Space Phys. 22, 264, 1984.
Ghielmetti, A. G., R. G. Johnson, R. D. Sharp , and E. G. Shelley, The latitudinal, diurnal , and altitudinal distributions of upward flowing energetic ions of ionospheric origin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 59, 1978.
Giles, B. L., C. R. Chappell, T. E. Moore, R. H. Comfort , and J. H. Waite, Jr., A statistical survey of pitch angle distributions in core (0-50 eV) ions from Dynamics Explorer-1. J. Geophys. Res., 97, submitted, 1992.
Pollock, C. J., M. O. Chandler, T. E. Moore, J. H. Waite Jr., C. R. Chappell and D. A. Gurnett, A Survey of Upwelling Ion Event Characteristics, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 18969, 1990.
Baker, D. N., E. W. Hones, Jr., D. T. Young , and J. Birn, The possible role of ionospheric oxygen in the initiation and development of plasma sheet instabilities, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 1337, 1982.
Lennartsson, O. W., A scenario for solar wind penetration of the Earth's magnetic tail based on ion composition data from the ISEE-1 spacecraft, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19221, 1992.
Daglis, I. A., E. T. Sarris, G. Kremser , and B. Wilken, On thsolar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling: AMPTE/CCE particle data and the AE indices, Proceedings of the 26th ESLAB Symposium-Study of the Solar Terrestrial System, ESA SP-346, p. 193, 1992.
Swift, D. W., Effects of demagnetization in the plasma sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 16803, 1992.
Jones, G. O. L., P. J. S. Williams, K. Winser, M. Lockwood , and K. Suvanto, Large Plasma Velocities along the magnetic field in the auroral zone, Nature, 336, 231-232, 1988.
Yeh, H.-C , and J. C. Foster, Storm time heavy ion outflow at mid-latitude, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7881, 1990.
Shelley, E. G., Curculation of energetic ions of terrestrial origin in the magnetosphere, Adv Space Res., 5, 401, 1985.
Shelley, E. G., Magnetospheric energetic ions from the Earth's ionosphere, Adv. Space Res., 6, 121, 1986.
Moore, T. E., C. R. Chappell, M. Lockwood , and J. H. Waite, Jr., Superthermal ion signatures of auroral acceleration processes, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 1611, 1985.
Lockwood, M., J. H. Waite, Jr., T. E. Moore, J. F. E. Johnson , and C. R. Chappell, A new source of suprathermal 0+ ions near the dayside polar cap boundary, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 4099, 1985a
Lockwood, M., M. O. Chandler, J. L. Horwitz, J. H. Waite, Jr., T. E. Moore , and C. R. Chappell, The cleft ion fountain, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 9736, 1985b.
Waite, J. H., Jr., T. Nagai, J. F. E. Johnson, C. R. Chappell, J. L. Burch, T. L. Killeen, P. B. Hays, G. R. Carrignan, W. K. Peterson , and E. G. Shelley, Escape of suprathermal 0+ ions in the polar cap, J. Geophys. Res. 90, 1619, 1985.
Shelley, E. G., R. G. Johnson , and R. D. Sharp, Satellite observations of energetic heavy ions during a geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 6104, 1972.
Baker, D. N., S. I Akasofu, W. Baumjohann, J. W. Bieber, D. H. Fairfield, E. W. Hones, Jr., B. H. Mauk, R. L. McPherron , and T. E. More, "Substorms in the magnetosphere, " Chapter 8 of the Solar Terrestrial Physics-Present and Future, NASA Pub. 1120, Washington, D. C., 1984.
Pulkkinen, T. I., D. N. Baker, D. H. Fairfield, R. J. Pellinen, J. Buchner, H. E. J. Koskinen, R. E. Lopez, R. L Dyson , and L. A. Frank, Particle scattering and current sheet stability in the geomagnetic tail during substorm growth phase, J. Geophys. Res., 97. 19283. 1992.
Fairfield, D. H. Advances in magnetospheric storm and substorm research, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10865, 1992.
Baker, D. N., R D. Belian, P. R. Higbie , and E. W. Hones, Jr., High-energy magnetospheric protons and their dependence on geomagnetic and interplanetary conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 7138, 1979.
McPherron, R. L., C. T. Russell , and M. P. Aubry, Satellite studies of magnetospheric substroms on August 15, 1968, 9, Phenomenological model for substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 3131, 1973.
Tsyganenko, N. A., global quantitative models of the geomagnetic field in the cislunar magnetosphere for different disturbance levels, Planet. Space Sci., 35, 1347, 1987.
Mauk, B. H. , and C. E. Mcllwain, Correlation of Kp with the substorm-injected plasma boundary, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 3193, 1974.
Lockwood, M. , and T. J. Fuller-Rowell, The modelled occurrence of non-thermal plasma in the ionospheric F-region and the possible consequences for ion outflows into the magnetosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 371, 1987.
Lu, G., P. H. Reiff, T. E. Moore , and R. A. Heelis, Upflowing ionospheric ions in the auroral region, J. Geophys. Res., 97. 16855. 1993.
Whittaker, J. H., The transient response of the topside ionosphere to precipitation, Planet. Space Sci. 25, 773, 1977.
Heppner J. P., M. C. Liebrecht, N. C. Maynard , and R. F. Pfaff, High latitude distributions of plasma waves and spatial irregularities from DE 2 AC electric field measurement, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1993.
Chang, T., G. B. Crew, N. Hershkowitz, J. R. Jasperse, J. M. Retterer , and J. D. Winningham, Transverse acceleration of oxygen ions by electromagnetic ion cyclotron resonance with broad band left-hand polarized waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 636, 1986.
Loranc, M, R. A. Heelis, W. B. Hanson , and J.-P. St.-Maurice, A morphological study of vertical ionospheric flows in the high-latitude F region, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3627, 1990.
Lockwood, M., T. E. Moore, J. H. Waite, Jr., C. R. Chappell, J. L. Horwitz , and R. A. Heelis, The geomagnetic mass spectrometer: mass and energy dispersions of ionospheric ion flows into the magnetosphere, Nature 316, 612, 1985c.
Moore, T. E., M. Lockwood, M. O. Chandler, J. H. Waite, Jr., C. R. Chappell, A. Persoon , and M. Sugiura, Upwelling 0+ ion source characteristics, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 7019, 1986.
Whalen, B. A., S. Watanabe , and A. W. Yau, Observations in the transverse ion energization region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 725, 1991.
Peterson, W. K., A. W. Yau , and B. A. Whalen, Simultaneous observations of H+ andO+ at two altitudes by the Akebono and Dynamics Explorer-1 satellites, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1993.
Gombosi, T. I., T. E. Cravens , and A. F. Nagy, A time dependent theoretical model of the polar wind: initial results, Geophys. Res. Lett. 12, 167, 1985.
Lockwood, M. M. F. Smith, C. J. Farrugia , and G. L. Siscoe, Ionospheric ion upwelling in the wake of flux transfer events at the dayside magnetopause, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 5641, 1988.
Winser, K. J., G. O. L. Jones, P. J. S. Williams , and M. Lockwood, Observations of large field-aligned flows of thermal plasma in the auroral ionosphere, Adv. Space. Res., 9, (5)57-(5)63, 1989.
Nishida, A., Coherence of geomagnetic Dp 2 fluctuations with interplanetary magnetic variations, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 5549, 1968.
Siscoe, G. L. , and T. S. Huang, Polar cap inflation and deflation, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 543, 1985.
Lockwood, M., S. W. H. Cowley , and M. P. Freeman, The excitation of plasma convection in the high latitude ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 7961-7971, 1990.
Cowley, S. W. H. , and M. Lockwood, Excitation and decay of solar-wind driven flows in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. Annales geophys., 10, 103-115, 1992.
Knipp, D. J., A. D. Richmond, G. Crowley, O. de la Beaujardiere, E. Friss-Christensen, D. S. Evans, J. C. Foster, I. W. McRea, F. J. Rich , and J. A. Waldock, Electrodynamic patterns for September 19, 1984, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16913-16923, 1991.
Weller, C. S. , and R. R. Meyer, Characteristics of the helium component of the local interstellar medium, Astrophys. J., 246, 386, 1981.
Chassefiere, E., F. Dalaudier , and J. L. Bertaux, Estimates of interstellar helium parameters from Prognoz 6 and Voyager 1/2. EUV resonance glow measurements taking account a possible redshift in the solar line profile, Astron. Astrophys., 201, 113, 1988.
Lind, D. L., J. Geiss, F. Buehler , and O. Eugster, The interstellar gas experiment LDEF ~69 months in space; Firts post-retrieval symposium, NASA Conference Publication 3134, part 1, 585, 1991.
Buhler, F., D. L. Lind, J. Geiss , and O. Eugster, The interstellar gas experiment: Analysis in progress. Second Post-Retrival Symposium, NASA Conference Publication, in press, 1992.
Moebius, E., D. Hovestadt, B. Klecker, M. Scholer, G. Gloeckler , and F. M. Ipavich, Direct observations of the He+ pick-up ions of interstellar origin in the solar wind, Nature, 318, 426, 1985.
Witte, M., H. Rosenbauer, E. Keppler, H. Fahr, P. Hemmerich, H. Lauche, A. Loidl , and R. Zwick, The interstellar neutral-gas experiment on Ulysses, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser., 92, 333, 1992.
Cotton, D., R. Conant , and S. Chakrabarti, The WIDe-Angle GEocoronalTelescope (WIDGET), Proc. SPIE, 1744, 110, 1992.
Frank, L. A. and J. D. Craven, Imaging results from dynamics explorer 1., Reviews of Geophysics, 26, 249-283, 1988.
Anger, C. D., J. S. Murphree, A. Vallance Jones, R. A. King, A. L. Broadfoot, L. L. Cogger, F. Creutzberg, R. L. Gattinger, G. Gustafsson, F. R. Harris, J. W. Haslett, E. J. Llewellyn, J. C. McConnell, D. J. McEwen, E. H. Richardson, G. Rostoker, B. R. Sandel, G. G. Shepherd, D. Venkatesan, D. D. Wallis and G. Witt, Scientific results from the Viking ultraviolet imager: An introduction, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 383, 1987.
Paresce, F., S. Chakrabarti, S. Bowyer, R. Kimble, The extreme ultraviolet spectrum of dayside and nightside aurorae: 800-1400 A. J. Geophys. Res, 88, 4905-4910, 1983.
Strickland, D. J., J. R. Jasperse and J. A. Whalen, Dependence of Auroral FUV emissions on the incident electron spectrum and neutral atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 8051, 1983.
Roelof, E. C, Energetic neutral atom image of a storm-time ring current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 652, 1987.
Herrero, F. A., Satellite Drag Coefficients and Upper Atmosphere Densities: Present Status and Future Directions, Adv. Astronautical Sciences, vol. 65, 1607-1623, 1988
van Wunnik, J. N. M., J. J. C. Geerlings, E. H. A. Granneman , and J. Los, The scattering of hydrogen atoms from a cesiated tungsten surface, Surface Science, 131, 17-33, 1983.
Herrero, F. A. and M. F. Smith, Imager of Low-Energy Neutral Atoms (ILENA): Imaging Neutrals from the Magnetosphere at Energies Below 20 KeV, SPIE, 1744, Instrumentation for Magnetsopheric Imagery, pp. 32-39, 1992.
Herrero, F. A., Light Trap Cavity Design Using Multiple Reflections and Solid Angle Attenuation: Application to a Spacebome Electron Spectrometer, Applied Optics, Vol. 31, 5331-5340, 1992.