historical reenactment; Hungary; Kurultaj; neo-shamanism; neopaganism; re-enchantment; ritual; ritual objects; History; Sociology and Political Science
Abstract :
[en] This article explores how ancestry is displayed in the Kurultaj festival where historical reenactment clubs, contemporary Pagan leaders and their followers, politicians, physical anthropologists, and archaeologists as well as folk ensembles gather to celebrate present-day Hungarians’ purported Central Asian origins. Considering this event as an instance of re-enchantment closely connected with the Pagan revival, the article’s objective is twofold. On the one hand, it attempts to understand how Pagan conceptions of the past exceed the strict limits of groups engaged in (re)creating pre-Christian religious beliefs and practices, reaching a wider public and interweaving spirituality with politics and historical sciences. On the other hand, it suggests that the Pagan revival, as re-enchantment, might be characterized not only by the sociological, economic, historical, and ideological background of the persons and groups that instigate it but also by the new forms of rituality that compose it.
Research Center/Unit :
Institute of Sociological Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague
Disciplines :
Anthropology
Author, co-author :
Teisenhoffer, Viola ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Institut de recherche en Sciences Sociales (IRSS) > IRSS: Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle ; Institute of Sociological Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ; Groupe Sociétés, Religions, Laïcités (EPHE-PSL), France
Language :
English
Title :
Pagan revival, re-enchantment, and new forms of rituality in Hungary: the case of the Kurultaj festival
Publication date :
15 November 2023
Journal title :
Religion
ISSN :
0048-721X
eISSN :
1096-1151
Publisher :
Routledge
Special issue title :
‘Re-enchantment’ and Religious Change in Former Socialist Europe
The research presented here benefited from fundings from the LabEx Hastec (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes/Paris Sciences & Lettres), between 2017 and 2018, as well as from the ERC CZ project ‘ReEnchEu’ (n. LL2006), led by Dr. Alessandro Testa between 2020 and 2022 at the Department of Sociological Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague, and funded by the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. I am very grateful to Michael Houseman, Marika Moïsseff, Michael Stausberg and the anonymous reviewer who have carefully read and helped improve this text with their insightful comments and suggestions. I also warmly thank Riki Papp for the inspiring discussions and for taking photos of the tree of life for me and Miroslav Mavra for his proofreading.
Ablonczy, Balázs.2022. Go East!: A History of Hungarian Turanism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Baraniecka-Olszewska, Kamila.2016. “Re-enacting Historical Slavic Rites in Contemporary Poland: The Rękawka Fair in Cracow.” Anthropological Journal of European Cultures25 (1): 118–135.
Bíró, András Zsolt, et al.2009. “AY-Chromosomal Comparison of the Madjars (Kazakhstan) and the Magyars (Hungary).” American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists139 (3): 305–310.
Diószegi, Vilmos.1978. Az ősi Magyar Hitvilág: Válogatás a Magyar Mitológiával Folglalkozó XVIII-XIX. Századi Művekből. Budapest: Gondolat.
Hanegraaff, Wouter J.1998. New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. New York: State University of New York Press.
Harner, Michael.1982. The way of the Shaman. A Guide to Power and Healing. New York: Bantam Books.
Hobsbawm, Eric, and TerenceRanger, eds. 1983. The Invention of Tradition: Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hofer, Tamás.1994. “Construction of the ‘Folk Cultural Heritage in Hungary’and Rival Version of National Identity.” In Hungarians Between ‘East’and ‘West’: Three Essays on National Myths and Symbols, edited by TamásHofer, 27–52. Budapest: Museum of Ethnography.
Hoppál, Mihály.1996. “A Magyar Samanizmus és a Honfoglalók Hitvilága.” In Ősök, Táltosok, Szentek. Tanulmányok a Honfoglaláskor és Árpád-kor Folklórjában, edited by ÉvaPócs, and VilmosVoigt, 57–76. Budapest: MTA Néprajzi Kutatóintézete.
Houseman, Michael.2006. “Relationality.” In Theorizing Rituals: Issues, Topics, Approaches, Concepts, edited by JensKreinath, JanSnoek, and MichaelStausberg, 413–428. Leiden: Brill.
Houseman, Michael.2007. “Menstrual Slaps and First Blood Celebrations.” In Learning Religion: Anthropological Approaches, edited by DavidBerliner, and RamonSarró, 31–48. New York: Berghahn Books.
Houseman, Michael, and CarloSeveri. 1994. Naven ou le Donner à Voir. Essai D’interprétation de L’action Rituelle. Paris: CNRS Editions.
Isnart, Cyril, and AlessandroTesta. 2020. “Reconfiguring Tradition(s) in Europe: An Introduction to the Special Issue.” Ethnologia Europaea50 (1): 5–19.
Ivakhiv, Adrian.2005. “In Search of Deeper Identities Neopaganism and ‘Native Faith’ in Contemporary Ukraine.” Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions8 (3): 7–38.
Klaniczay, Gábor.2011. “The Myth of Scythian Origin and the Cult of Attila in the Nineteenth Century.” In Multiple Antiquities-Multiple Modernities. Ancient Histories in Nineteenth Century European Cultures, edited by GáborKlaniczay, MichaelWerner, and OttóGecser, 185–212. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
Kolozsi, Ádám.2012a. “Social Constructions of the Native Faith: Mytho-Historical Narratives and Identity-Discourse in Hungarian Neo-Paganism.” PhD diss., Central European University.
Kolozsi, Ádám.2012b. “Pagan Spirituality and the Holy Crown in Contemporary National Mythologies: Political Religiosity and Native Faith Movements in Hungary.” In Walking the Old Ways: Studies in Contemporary European Paganism, edited by AdamAnczyk, and HalinaGrzymała-Moszczyńska, 81–97. Katowice: Sacrum Publishing House.
Kremmler, Katrin.2022. “‘Eurasian Magyars’: The Making of a New Hegemonic National Prehistory in Illiberal Hungary.” In Digging Politics: The Ancient Past and Contested Present in East-Central Europe, edited by JamesKoranyi, and EmilyHanscam, 181–216. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Kürti, László.2000. “The way of the Táltos: A Critical Reassessment of a Religious-Magical Specialist.” Studia Mythologica Slavica3: 89–114.
Kürti, László.2001. “Psychic Phenomena, Neoshamanism, and the Cultic Milieu in Hungary.” Nova Religio4 (2): 322–350.
Kürti, László.2015. “Neoshamanism, National Identity and the Holy Crown of Hungary.” Journal of Religion in Europe8 (2): 235–260.
Kürti, László.2016. “Nomadism and Nostalgia in Hungary.” In Memories on the Move: Experiencing Mobility, Rethinking the Past, edited by MonikaPalmberger, and JelenaTošić, 217–246. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lindquist, Galina.1997. Shamanic Performances on the Urban Scene. Neo-Shamanism in Contemporary Sweden. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
Maxwell, Alexander.2004. “Contemporary Hungarian Rune-Writing. Ideological Linguistic Nationalism Within a Homogenous Nation.” Anthropos99 (1): 161–175.
Moisseeff, Marika.2002. “Australian Aboriginal Ritual Objects or How to Represent the Unrepresentable.” In People and Things: Social Mediations in Oceania, edited by MoniqueJeudy-Ballini, and BernardJuillerat, 239–263. Durham: Carolina Academic.
Moreh, Chris.2016. “The Asianization of National Fantasies in Hungary: A Critical Analysis of Political Discourse.” International Journal of Cultural Studies19 (3): 341–353.
Pimenova, Ksenia.2022. “Human Remains and Indigenous Religiosity in the Museum Space.” In Contemporary Indigenous Cosmologies and Pragmatics, edited by FrançoiseDussart, and SylviePoirier, 253–284. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
Povedák, István.2014a. “Invisible Borders: Christian–Neopagan Syncretism in Hungary.” Collection of Papers of the Ethnographic Institute (Религија, религиозност и савремена култура)30: 143–156. http://www.etno-institut.co.rs/files/zbornik/30/Povedak%20ENG.pdf.
Povedák, István.2014b. “From Attila to the Heart Chakra. Postmodern Pilgrimages.” Acta Ethnographica Hungarica59 (2): 371–388.
Povedák, István.2016. “Szent Korona (újra)értelmezések.” In A Hatalom Jelei, Képei és Terei, edited by ÉvaSzirmai, SzergejTóth, and EditÚjvári, 109–134. Szeged: Szegedi Egyetemi Kiadó/Juhász Gyula Felsőoktatási Kiadó.
Povedák, István.2020. “Religious Neo-Nationalism in Hungary.” In Religion and Neo-Nationalism in Europe, edited by FlorianHöhne, and TorstenMeireis, 291–310. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag.
Povedák, István.2022. “‘Come, Look and Hear How the Past Has Been and the Future Will Be!’ Festival Culture and Neo-Nationalism in Hungary.” In Festival Cultures: Mapping New Fields in the Arts and Social Sciences, edited by MariaNita, and Jeremy H.Kidwell, 65–86. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Povedák, István.2023. “‘One Crown to Rule them All … ’ An Investigation into Para-scientific Imageries and Esoteric Nationalism Around the Cult of the Holy Crown of Hungary.” Religion.
Povedák, István, and László AttilaHubbes. 2014. “Competitive Pasts. Ethnopaganism as a Placebo-Effect for Identity Reconstruction Processes in Hungary and Romania.” Religiski, Filozofiski Raksti17: 133–152.
Povedák, István, and László AttilaHubbes. 2019. “New National Mythologies: Re-Paganization of Christian Symbolism in Hungarian and Romanian Ethno-Pagan Culture.” In Expressions of Religion: Ethnography, Performance and the Senses, edited by EugeniaRoussou, and ClaraSaraiva, 245–290. Berlin: LIT Verlag.
Rountree, Kathryn.2015. Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses. New York: Berghahn.
Rountree, Kathryn.2017. Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and Modern Paganism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schechner, Richard.2020 [2002]. Performance Studies: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
Simpson, Scott, and MariuszFilip. 2013. “Selected Words for Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe.” In Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by KaarinaAitamurto, and ScottSimpson, 37–53. Durham: Acumen.
Stern, Aurélie.2022. “Tous des descendants d’Attila? La présence turque au festival identitaire Macar Turan Kurultayı en Hongrie.” Paper presented at the international conference “Mobilisations conservatrices en Europe Centrale et Orientale dans une perspective transnationale, CEFRES, Prague, December 2022.
Strmiska, Michael F.2005. Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio.
Strmiska, Michael F.2018. “Pagan Politics in the 21st Century: ‘peace and Love’or ‘Blood and Soil’?” Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies20 (1): 5–44.
Sutcliffe, Steven J.2016. “Seekership Revisited: Explaining Traffic in and out of new Religions.” In Visioning New and Minority Religions, edited by EugeneGalagher, 45–58. London: Routledge.
Szilágyi, Tamás.2008. “Sacred Characteristics of the Nation: ‘Hungarianism’ as Political Religion.” http://www.revacern.eu/exchange-programme/EP-paperszilagyi.pdf.
Szilágyi, Tamás.2015. “Emerging Identity Markets of Contemporary Pagan Ideologies in Hungary.” In Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Europe: Colonialist and Nationalist Impulses, edited by KathrynRountree, 154–176. New York: Berghahn.
Szilárdi, Réka.2009. “Ancient Gods–new Ages: Lessons from Hungarian Paganism.” Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies11 (1): 44–57.
Szilárdi, Réka.2014. “Neopaganism in Hungary: Under the Spell of Roots.” In Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by KaarinaAitamurto, and ScottSimpson, 230–248. Durham: Acumen.
Teewen, Mark, MoumitaSen, and Aike P.Rots. 2023. “Festivals in Asia: Patronage, Play, and Piety.” Religion53 (3): 387–405.
Utriainen, Terhi.2016. “Ritually Framing Enchantment: Momentary Religion and Everyday Realities.” Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society41 (4): 46–61.