community; dominance; environmental predictors; forests; macroecology; rarity; species abundance; species population threats; Global and Planetary Change; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Ecology
Abstract :
[en] Aim: Ecological and anthropogenic factors shift the abundances of dominant and rare tree species within local forest communities, thus affecting species composition and ecosystem functioning. To inform forest and conservation management it is important to understand the drivers of dominance and rarity in local tree communities. We answer the following research questions: (1) What are the patterns of dominance and rarity in tree communities? (2) Which ecological and anthropogenic factors predict these patterns? And (3) what is the extinction risk of locally dominant and rare tree species?. Location: Global. Time period: 1990–2017. Major taxa studied: Trees. Methods: We used 1.2 million forest plots and quantified local tree dominance as the relative plot basal area of the single most dominant species and local rarity as the percentage of species that contribute together to the least 10% of plot basal area. We mapped global community dominance and rarity using machine learning models and evaluated the ecological and anthropogenic predictors with linear models. Extinction risk, for example threatened status, of geographically widespread dominant and rare species was evaluated. Results: Community dominance and rarity show contrasting latitudinal trends, with boreal forests having high levels of dominance and tropical forests having high levels of rarity. Increasing annual precipitation reduces community dominance, probably because precipitation is related to an increase in tree density and richness. Additionally, stand age is positively related to community dominance, due to stem diameter increase of the most dominant species. Surprisingly, we find that locally dominant and rare species, which are geographically widespread in our data, have an equally high rate of elevated extinction due to declining populations through large-scale land degradation. Main conclusions: By linking patterns and predictors of community dominance and rarity to extinction risk, our results suggest that also widespread species should be considered in large-scale management and conservation practices.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Hordijk, Iris ; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Bialic-Murphy, Lalasia; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Lauber, Thomas; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Routh, Devin; Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland ; Department of Science IT, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Poorter, Lourens ; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Rivers, Malin C.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, United Kingdom
ter Steege, Hans; Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, Netherlands ; Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Liang, Jingjing ; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
Reich, Peter B.; Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, United States ; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
de-Miguel, Sergio ; Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain ; Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO – CERCA, Solsona, Spain
Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Gamarra, Javier G. P.; Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Chen, Han Y. H. ; Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
Zhou, Mo; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States
Wiser, Susan K.; Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
Pretzsch, Hans; Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School for Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Paquette, Alain; Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
Picard, Nicolas; GIP ECOFOR, Paris, France
Hérault, Bruno ; Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France ; Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
Bastin, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Biodiversité, Ecosystème et Paysage (BEP)
Alberti, Giorgio; Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy ; Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
Abegg, Meinrad; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M.; Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
Alvarado, Braulio V.; Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
Alvarez-Davila, Esteban; Fundacion ConVida, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, UNAD, Medellin, Colombia
Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States
Alves, Luciana F.; Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
Ammer, Christian ; Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Antón-Fernández, Clara; Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Arroyo, Luzmila; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Avitabile, Valerio; European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A.; UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela ; Compensation International S. A. Ci Progress-GreenLife, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Baker, Timothy; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Banki, Olaf; Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
Barroso, Jorcely; Centro Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
Bastian, Meredith L.; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, United States ; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, United States
Birigazzi, Luca; United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, Germany
Birnbaum, Philippe; Cirad, UMR-AMAP, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Bitariho, Robert; Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Sciences and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
Bongers, Frans; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Bouriaud, Olivier; Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Brandl, Susanne; Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany
Brienen, Roel; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Broadbent, Eben N.; Spatial Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
Bruelheide, Helge ; Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany ; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Bussotti, Filippo; Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forest (DAGRI), University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
Gatti, Roberto Cazzolla; Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
Cesar, Ricardo G.; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Cesljar, Goran; Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Chazdon, Robin; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States ; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
Chisholm, Chelsea; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
Cienciala, Emil; IFER – Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic ; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
Clark, Connie J.; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, United States
Clar, David B.; Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, United States
Colletta, Gabriel; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Coomes, David; Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Valverde, Fernando Cornejo; Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Peru
Corral-Rivas, Jose J.; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
Crim, Philip; Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, United States ; Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
Cumming, Jonathan; Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
de Gasper, André L.; Natural Science Department, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
Decuyper, Mathieu; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands ; World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
Derroire, Géraldine ; Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
DeVries, Ben; Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
Djordjevic, Ilija; Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Iêda, Amaral; National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
Dourdain, Aurélie; Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana
Dolezal, Jiri ; Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic ; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
Obiang, Nestor Laurier Engone; IRET, Herbier National du Gabon (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
Enquist, Brian ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States ; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, United States
Eyre, Teresa; Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Herbarium, Toowong, Australia
Fandohan, Adandé Belarmain; Ecole de Foresterie et Ingénierie du Bois, Université Nationale d'Agriculture, Ketou, Benin
Fayle, Tom M.; School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom ; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic ; Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
Ferreira, Leandro V.; Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Brazil
Feldpausch, Ted R.; Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Finér, Leena ; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
Fischer, Markus; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fletcher, Christine; Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Frizzera, Lorenzo; Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
Gianelle, Damiano; Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
Glick, Henry B.; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, United States
Harris, David; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Hector, Andrew; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Hemp, Andreas ; Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
Hengeveld, Geerten; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Herbohn, John; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
Hillers, Annika; Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, United Kingdom ; Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Office, Monrovia, Liberia
Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N.; Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
Hui, Cang ; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa ; Theoretical Ecology Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
Cho, Hyunkook; Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Ibanez, Thomas; Cirad, UMR-AMAP, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
Jung, Ilbin; Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, South Korea
Imai, Nobuo; Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Jagodzinski, Andrzej M. ; Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland ; Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Jaroszewicz, Bogdan; Faculty of Biology, Białowieża Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
Johannsen, Vivian; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Joly, Carlos A.; Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Jucker, Tommaso; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Kartawinata, Kuswata; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States
Kearsley, Elizabeth ; CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Kenfack, David; CTFS-ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
Kennard, Deborah; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, United States
Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian; Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Keppel, Gunnar; UniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
Khan, Mohammed Latif; Department of Botany, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India
Killeen, Timothy; Museo de Historia natural Noel kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Kim, Hyun Seok; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea ; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Kitayama, Kanehiro; Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Köhl, Michael; Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Korjus, Henn; Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Kraxner, Florian; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Laarmann, Diana; Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Lang, Mait; Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Lewis, Simon; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom ; Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Lu, Huicui; Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
Lukina, Natalia; Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Maitner, Brian; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
Malhi, Yadvinder; School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Marcon, Eric; UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Kourou, France
Marimon, Beatriz Schwantes; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
Marshall, Andrew Robert; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia ; Flamingo Land Ltd, Kirby Misperton, United Kingdom ; Department of Environment & Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
Martin, Emanuel; Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania
Meave, Jorge A.; Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
Melo-Cruz, Omar; Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
Mendoza, Casimiro; Colegio de Profesionales Forestales de Cochabamba, Cochabamba, Bolivia
Merow, Cory ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
Miscicki, Stanislaw; Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo; Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru ; Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru
Moreno, Vanessa; Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Mukul, Sharif A.; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia ; Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mundhenk, Philip; Institute for World Forestry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Nava-Miranda, Maria G.; Laboratorio de geomática, Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico ; Programa de doctorado en Ingeniería para el desarrollo rural y civil, Escuela de Doctorado Internacional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Neill, David; Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Puyo, Ecuador
Neldner, Victor; Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Herbarium, Toowong, Australia
Nevenic, Radovan; Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia
Ngugi, Michael; Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Herbarium, Toowong, Australia
Niklaus, Pascal A.; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Oleksyn, Jacek; Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar; Forestry School, Tecnológico de Costa Rica TEC, Cartago, Costa Rica
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Parfenova, Elena; V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Park, Minjee; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, United States ; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Parren, Marc; Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy; Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
Peri, Pablo L.; Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Rio Gallegos, Argentina
Pfautsch, Sebastian; School of Social Sciences (Urban Studies), Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
Phillips, Oliver L.; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Piedade, Maria Teresa; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Piotto, Daniel; Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação Em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
Pitman, Nigel C. A.; Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States
Polo, Irina; Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
Poulsen, Axel Dalberg; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Poulsen, John R. ; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, United States
Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez; Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda; Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático (SECC), Fundación con Vida & Corporación COL-TREE, Medellín, Colombia
Rodeghiero, Mirco; Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
Rolim, Samir; Laboratório de Dendrologia e Silvicultura Tropical, Centro de Formação Em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna, Brazil
Roopsind, Anand; Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, United States
Rovero, Francesco ; Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy ; Tropical Biodiversity, MUSE – Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
Rutishauser, Ervan; Info Flora, Geneva, Switzerland
Saikia, Purabi; Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
Salas-Eljatib, Christian; Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile ; Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile ; Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Schall, Peter; Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Schepaschenko, Dmitry; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael; Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Schmid, Bernhard; Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
Schöngart, Jochen; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Searle, Eric B.; Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
Seben, Vladimír; National Forest Centre, Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
Serra-Diaz, Josep M.; Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, Inra, Silva, Nancy, France ; Department of Biology, Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Sheil, Douglas; Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands ; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
Shvidenko, Anatoly; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Silva-Espejo, Javier; Departamento de Biología, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena, Chile
Silveira, Marcos; Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Brazil
Singh, James; Guyana Forestry Commission, Georgetown, French Guiana
Sist, Plinio; Cirad, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Sonké, Bonaventure; Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Souza, Alexandre F.; Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Stereńczak, Krzysztof ; Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
Svenning, Jens-Christian; Department of Biology, Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ; Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Svoboda, Miroslav; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Targhetta, Natalia; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
Tchebakova, Nadja; V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, FRC KSC, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
Thomas, Raquel; Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC), Georgetown, French Guiana
Tikhonova, Elena; School of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Umunay, Peter; School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, United States
Usoltsev, Vladimir; Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Forest Engineering University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Valencia, Renato; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Valladares, Fernando; LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
van der Plas, Fons; Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Van Do, Tran ; Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Van Nuland, Michael E.; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez; Department of Forest Management, Dendrometry and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Verbeeck, Hans; CAVElab-Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Viana, Helder; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal ; Department of Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural High School of Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Portugal
Vibrans, Alexander C.; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic ; Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
Vieira, Simone; Environmental Studies and Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
von Gadow, Klaus; Department of Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Wang, Hua-Feng; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Watson, James; Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
Werner, Gijsbert D. A.; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Wittmann, Florian; Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Wortel, Verginia; Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Paramaribo, Suriname
Zawila-Niedzwiecki, Tomasz; Polish State Forests, Coordination Center for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland
Zhang, Chunyu ; Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Zhao, Xiuhai ; Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Zhu, Zhi-Xin; Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
Zo-Bi, Irie Casimir; Department of Forestry and Environment, National Polytechnic Institute (INP-HB), Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
Maynard, Daniel S.; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland ; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Crowther, Thomas W.; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
This research has been funded by a grant from DOB Ecology. Swiss National Science Foundation, Ambizione grant #PZ00P3_193612 to DSM. JCS considers this work a contribution to Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), funded by Danish National Research Foundation (grant DNRF173), and his VILLUM Investigator project \u201CBiodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World\u201D, funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant 16549). The GFBI data from New Zealand were drawn from the Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment and sourced from the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank\u2019. Russian Science Foundation Project 21-46-07002 for the plot data collected in the Krasnoyarsk region. Instituto de Conserva\u00E7\u00E3o da Natureza. FCT\u2014UIDB/04033/2020. GFBi plot data collection in the S\u00E3o Francisco de Paula National Forest, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil was financed by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00EDfico e Tecnol\u00F3gico (CNPq) (project 520053/1998-2). ReVaTene project is funded by the Education and Research Ministry of C\u00F4te d'Ivoire, as part of the Debt Reduction-Development Contracts (C2Ds) managed by IRD. GFBI data from southern Ethiopia were collected with funding from the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (IKI-1 project number 09 II 066ETH A Kaffeew\u00E4lder). GFBI data from Atlantic Forest, Brazil, was funded by the State of S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 03/12595-7) as part of the BIOTA Program. COTEC/IF 41.065/2005 and IBAMA/CGEN 093/2005 granted permits to establish the permanent plots and collect data. The Exploratory plots of FunDivEUROPE (with sites in Germany, Finland, Poland, Romania, Italy and Spain) received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 265171. Permission to work in the MAWAS region of Indonesia: the BOS Foundation, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Direktorat Fasilitasi Organisasi Politik dan Kemasyarakatan, Departamen Dalam Negri and the BKSDA Palangkaraya. Funding sources: The American Society of Primatologists, the Duke University Graduate School, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Science Foundation (Grant No. 0452995) and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (Grant No. 7330). This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374), Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2019BC083). The Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation [Agencia Espa\u00F1ola de Cooperaci\u00F3n Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID)] and Fundaci\u00F3n Biodiversidad, in cooperation with the governments of Syria and Lebanon. Projects D/9170/07, D/018222/08, D/023225/09 and D/032548/10 funded by the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation [Agencia Espa\u00F1ola de Cooperaci\u00F3n Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID)] and Fundaci\u00F3n Biodiversidad, in cooperation with the Universidad Mayor de San Sim\u00F3n (UMSS), the FOMABO (Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia) project and CIMAL (Compa\u00F1\u00EDa Industrial Maderera Ltda.). All persons who made the Third Spanish Forest Inventory possible, especially the main coordinator, J. A. Villanueva (IFN3). Research was supported by APVV 20-0168 from the Slovak Research and Development Agency. E.C. acknowledges funding from the project SustES\u2014Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797); We acknowledge collaboration with the International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA, http://ibfra.org). We thank the the Minist\u00E8re des For\u00EAts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Qu\u00E9bec for access to their database of permanent sample plots. We thank the Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR), the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network, and the ForestPlots.net initiative for their contributions from Amazonian and African forests. These were supported by many projects including an ERC Advanced Grant 291585 (\u201CT-FORCES\u201D) and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award to O.L.P.; RAINFOR plots were additionally supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), notably NERC Consortium Grants AMAZONICA (NE/F005806/1), TROBIT (NE/D005590/1), and BIO- RED (NE/N012542/1). This study was supported by GACR project 21-27454S from the Czech Science Foundation. Financial support from DBT, Govt. of India, through the project \u2018Mapping and quantitative assessment of geographic distribution and population status of plant resources of Eastern Himalayan region\u2019 is highly acknowledged (Reference no. BT/PR7928/NDB/52/9/2006 dated 29.09.2006). GFBI data from Mexico was funded by many projects including the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), Council of Science and Technology of the State of Durango (COCYTED), the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (NERC; NE/T011084/1), and local support of Ejidos and Comunidades. The French National Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns, raw data 2005 and following annual surveys) was downloaded by GFBI at https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?rubrique159 (site accessed on 1 January 2015); the Italian Forest Inventory (2005 and 2015) was downloaded by GFBI at https://inventarioforestale.org/. Financial support from the Czech Science Foundation (project no. 21-26883S). Open access funding provided by Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich.This research has been funded by a grant from DOB Ecology. Swiss National Science Foundation, Ambizione grant #PZ00P3_193612 to DSM. JCS considers this work a contribution to Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO), funded by Danish National Research Foundation (grant DNRF173), and his VILLUM Investigator project \u201CBiodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World\u201D, funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant 16549). The GFBI data from New Zealand were drawn from the Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment and sourced from the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank\u2019. Russian Science Foundation Project 21\u201046\u201007002 for the plot data collected in the Krasnoyarsk region. Instituto de Conserva\u00E7\u00E3o da Natureza. FCT\u2014UIDB/04033/2020. GFBi plot data collection in the S\u00E3o Francisco de Paula National Forest, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil was financed by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00EDfico e Tecnol\u00F3gico (CNPq) (project 520053/1998\u20102). ReVaTene project is funded by the Education and Research Ministry of C\u00F4te d'Ivoire, as part of the Debt Reduction\u2010Development Contracts (C2Ds) managed by IRD. GFBI data from southern Ethiopia were collected with funding from the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (IKI\u20101 project number 09 II 066ETH A Kaffeew\u00E4lder). GFBI data from Atlantic Forest, Brazil, was funded by the State of S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 03/12595\u20107) as part of the BIOTA Program. COTEC/IF 41.065/2005 and IBAMA/CGEN 093/2005 granted permits to establish the permanent plots and collect data. The Exploratory plots of FunDivEUROPE (with sites in Germany, Finland, Poland, Romania, Italy and Spain) received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007\u20102013) under grant agreement 265171. Permission to work in the MAWAS region of Indonesia: the BOS Foundation, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Direktorat Fasilitasi Organisasi Politik dan Kemasyarakatan, Departamen Dalam Negri and the BKSDA Palangkaraya. Funding sources: The American Society of Primatologists, the Duke University Graduate School, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Science Foundation (Grant No. 0452995) and the Wenner\u2010Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (Grant No. 7330). This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374), Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2019BC083). The Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation [Agencia Espa\u00F1ola de Cooperaci\u00F3n Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID)] and Fundaci\u00F3n Biodiversidad, in cooperation with the governments of Syria and Lebanon. Projects D/9170/07, D/018222/08, D/023225/09 and D/032548/10 funded by the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation [Agencia Espa\u00F1ola de Cooperaci\u00F3n Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID)] and Fundaci\u00F3n Biodiversidad, in cooperation with the Universidad Mayor de San Sim\u00F3n (UMSS), the FOMABO (Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia) project and CIMAL (Compa\u00F1\u00EDa Industrial Maderera Ltda.). All persons who made the Third Spanish Forest Inventory possible, especially the main coordinator, J. A. Villanueva (IFN3). Research was supported by APVV 20\u20100168 from the Slovak Research and Development Agency. E.C. acknowledges funding from the project SustES\u2014Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797); We acknowledge collaboration with the International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA, http://ibfra.org ). We thank the the Minist\u00E8re des For\u00EAts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Qu\u00E9bec for access to their database of permanent sample plots. We thank the Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR), the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network, and the ForestPlots.net initiative for their contributions from Amazonian and African forests. These were supported by many projects including an ERC Advanced Grant 291585 (\u201CT\u2010FORCES\u201D) and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award to O.L.P.; RAINFOR plots were additionally supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), notably NERC Consortium Grants AMAZONICA (NE/F005806/1), TROBIT (NE/D005590/1), and BIO\u2010 RED (NE/N012542/1). This study was supported by GACR project 21\u201027454S from the Czech Science Foundation. Financial support from DBT, Govt. of India, through the project \u2018Mapping and quantitative assessment of geographic distribution and population status of plant resources of Eastern Himalayan region\u2019 is highly acknowledged (Reference no. BT/PR7928/NDB/52/9/2006 dated 29.09.2006). GFBI data from Mexico was funded by many projects including the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), Council of Science and Technology of the State of Durango (COCYTED), the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (NERC; NE/T011084/1), and local support of Ejidos and Comunidades. The French National Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns, raw data 2005 and following annual surveys) was downloaded by GFBI at https://inventaire\u2010forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?rubrique159 (site accessed on 1 January 2015); the Italian Forest Inventory (2005 and 2015) was downloaded by GFBI at https://inventarioforestale.org/ . Financial support from the Czech Science Foundation (project no. 21\u201026883S). Open access funding provided by Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich.
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