emergent trees; evolution; functional traits; seed dispersal; tree species maximum height; wind dispersal; Global and Planetary Change; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Ecology
Abstract :
[en] Aim: We test the hypothesis that wind dispersal is more common among emergent tree species given that being tall increases the likelihood of effective seed dispersal. Location: Americas, Africa and the Asia-Pacific. Time period: 1970–2020. Major taxa studied: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Methods: We used a dataset consisting of tree inventories from 2821 plots across three biogeographic regions (Americas, Africa and Asia-Pacific), including dry and wet forests, to determine the maximum height and dispersal strategy of 5314 tree species. A web search was used to determine whether species were wind-dispersed. We compared differences in tree species maximum height between biogeographic regions and examined the relationship between species maximum height and wind dispersal using logistic regression. We also tested whether emergent tree species, that is species with at least one individual taller than the 95% height percentile in one or more plots, were disproportionally wind-dispersed in dry and wet forests within each biogeographic region. Results: Our dataset provides maximum height values for 5314 tree species, of which more than half (2914) had no record of this trait in existing global databases. We found that, on average, tree species in the Americas have lower maximum heights compared to those in Africa and the Asia Pacific. The probability of wind dispersal increased significantly with tree species maximum height and was significantly higher among emergent than non-emergent tree species in both dry and wet forests in all three biogeographic regions. Main conclusion: Wind dispersal is more prevalent in tall, emergent tree species than in non-emergent species and may thus be an important factor in the evolution of tree species maximum height. By providing the most comprehensive dataset so far of tree species maximum height and wind dispersal strategies, this study paves the way for advancing our understanding of the eco-evolutionary drivers of tree size.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Slik, Ferry ; Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
Pinho, Bruno X. ; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; AMAP, Université Montpellier, INRAe, CIRAD, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
Griffith, Daniel M.; Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos (EcoSs Lab), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
Webb, Edward; Department of Forest Sciences, Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Institute for Sustainability, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Raghubanshi, Akhilesh Singh; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Quaresma, Adriano C.; Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany ; Ecologia, Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
Cuni Sanchez, Aida; Department of Geography and Environment, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom ; Department of International Environmental and Development Studies (NORAGRIC), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
Sultana, Aisha; Biodiversity Parks Programme, CEMDE, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Souza, Alexandre F.; Departamento de Ecologia, CB, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
Ensslin, Andreas; Geneva Conservatory and Botanical Garden, Chemin de l'Impératrice 1, Chambésy, Switzerland
Hemp, Andreas ; Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
Lowe, Andrew; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Marshall, Andrew R.; Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia ; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom ; Flamingo Land Ltd., Kirby Misperton, United Kingdom
Anitha, Kamalakumari; Rainforest Traditions, Kochi, India
Lykke, Anne Mette; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Armadyanto; Yayasan Borneo Nature Indonesia, Palangka Raya, Indonesia
Mansor, Asyraf; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia ; Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Honam, Atsri K.; Laboratoire de Recherche Forestière, Faculté Des Sciences, Université de Lomé-Togo, Lomé, Togo
Poulsen, Axel D.; Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Sparrow, Ben; TERN, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Buckley, Benjamin J. W.; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Ripoll Capilla, Bernat; Borneo Nature Foundation International, Penryn, United Kingdom
Albuquerque, Bianca Weiss; Ecologia, Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
Schmitt, Christine B.; Physical Geography with a Focus on Human-Environment Research, University of Passau, Passau, Germany
Mohandass, Dharmalingam; Novel Research Academy, Puducherry, India
Rocha, Diogo S. B.; International Institute for Sustainability / IIS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Sheil, Douglas; Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands ; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Kota Bogor, Indonesia
Pérez-García, Eduardo A.; Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Catharino, Eduardo; Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
van den Berg, Eduardo; Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A.; UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, Venezuela ; Compensation International Progress S.A.–Ciprogress Greenlife, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
Durigan, Giselda; Laboratório de Ecologia e Hidrologia Florestal, Floresta Estadual de Assis, Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Assis, Brazil
Shukla, Gopal; Department of Forestry, North Eastern Hill University, Tura, India
Williams-Linera, Guadalupe; Functional Ecology, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Mexico
Culmsee, Heike; DBU Natural Heritage, German Federal Foundation for the Environment, Osnabrück, Germany
Segah, Hendrik; Forestry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Indonesia
Granzow-de la Cerda, Iñigo; Real Jardín Botánico – CSIC, Madrid, Spain
Singh, Jamuna S.; Ecosystems Analysis Laboratory, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Grogan, James; Smith College Botanic Garden, Northampton, United States
Reitsma, Jan; Bureau Waardenburg, Culemborg, Netherlands
Bastin, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Biodiversité, Ecosystème et Paysage (BEP)
Lindsell, Jeremy; The RSPB, Sandy, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom ; A Rocha International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Millet, Jerome; Agence française pour la biodiversité, Vincennes, France
Roberto dos Santos, Joao; Remote Sensing Department (DSR), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
Schoengart, Jochen; Ecologia, Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
Vandermeer, John H.; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
Herbohn, John; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
Lovett, Jon; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom ; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, United Kingdom
Meave, Jorge A.; Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, José; Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
Montero, Juan Carlos; Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Ruokolainen, Kalle; Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Mahmud, Khairil Bin; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia ; Faculty of Bioresources and Food Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
Demarchi, Layon O.; Ecologia, Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
Poorter, Lourens ; Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
Bernacci, Luis; São Paulo Agribusiness Technology Agency, APTA Regional de Pindorama, São Paulo, Brazil
Satdichanh, Manichanh; School of Life Sciences/RCUH, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Mānoa, United States
Seiji Suganuma, Marcio; Colégio de Aplicação (CA), Centro de Ciências da Educação (CED), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
Piedade, Maria T. F.; Ecologia, Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
Niun, Mariarty A.; Technical Management Unit of Mungku Baru Forest, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Palangkaraya, Indonesia
Harrison, Mark E.; Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom ; School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Schulze, Mark; H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Blue River, United States
Fischer, Markus; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Kessler, Michael; Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Castillo, Miguel; El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico
Hussain, Mohammad Shah; Biodiversity Parks Programme, CEMDE, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Libalah, Moses B.; Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon ; Laboratory of Plant Systematics and Ecology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Imron, Muhammad Ali; Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy; Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
Seuaturien, Naret; WWF Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
Targhetta, Natalia; Ecologia, Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas (MAUA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
Mahayani, Ni Putu Diana; Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Pitman, Nigel C. A.; Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States
Rangel, Orlando; Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
Munishi, Pantaleo; Department of Ecosystems and Conservation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
Balvanera, Patricia; Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
Ashton, Peter; Bullard of Forestry Emeritus, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
Parolin, Pia; Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
da Conceição Bispo, Polyanna; Department of Geography, School of Environment Education and Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Davidar, Priya; Sigur Nature Trust, Nilgiris, India
Sukri, Rahayu; Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
Zakaria, Rahmad; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia ; Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Prasad, Rama Chandra; International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India
Chaturvedi, Ravi K.; Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
Steinmetz, Robert ; World Wildlife Fund Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
Zakaria, Rozainah Mohamad; Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
DeWalt, Saara J.; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, St. Paul, United States
Van Sam, Hoang; Centre of Biodiversity, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Xuan Mai, Viet Nam
Rolim, Samir; Laboratory of Dendrology and Tropical Silviculture, Agroforestry Science Training Center, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil
Mukul, Sharif Ahmed; Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Australia ; Department of Environment and Development Studies, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Maimunah, Siti; Faculty of Forestry, Instiper Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Sarker, Swapan Kumar; Department of Forestry & Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Sunderland, Terry; Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ; Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
Gillespie, Thomas; Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
van Andel, Tinde; Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands
Van Do, Tran ; Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Chutipong, Wanlop; Conservation Ecology Program, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
Zang, Runguo ; Institute of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
Yang, Xiaobo; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou City, China
Lu, Xinghui; College of Agronomy and Agricultural Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
Laumonier, Yves; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
Hemati, Zhila; Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management, Shabestar, Iran
CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Leverhulme Trust
Funding text :
Vegetation plots in Tanzania were established under funding from the Leverhulme Trust under the Valuing the Arc project. Marshall was funded by ARC Future Fellowship FT170100279. Plots in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) were established under funding from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00EDfico e Tecnol\u00F3gico (CNPq, grant 520053/1998\u20102), and AFS thanks Solon J. Longhi for kindly agreeing to share this data. BJWB, HS, M, MAI and SM thank The Orangutan Project, Arcus Foundation, and US Fish and Wildlife Service Great Apes Conservation Fund for financial support and BRIN (formerly RISTEK) and KPH for permissions and support. Moses Libalah was funded by the IFS grant number I\u20101\u2010D\u20105621\u20102. JRRP thank CNPq for productivity grant support (Process 312571/2021\u20106).
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