Risky outdoor play in the early years: how are parental and practitioner perceptions of danger and benefits associated with young children's outdoor play experiences? - 2025
Risky outdoor play in the early years: how are parental and practitioner perceptions of danger and benefits associated with young children's outdoor play experiences?
Risky outdoor play in the early years how are parental and practitioner perceptions of danger and benefits associated with young children s outdoor p.pdf
Risky play, parent, practitioner, perceptions, early years, child care
Abstract :
[en] Against a backdrop of generational declines in outdoor play and recent work demonstrating geo-cultural differences in adult perceptions of risk in outdoor play, this paper explores the relationships between gatekeeper (parent/practitioner) perceptions of dangers and benefits in outdoor risky play scenarios and young children’s (aged 2–5 years old) experiences of outdoor play in Scotland, and whether these are moderated by being a parent or practitioner. A contextually relevant picture-based survey asked parents (n = 205) and practitioners (n = 151) to rate six different outdoor risky play scenarios based on their level of danger and benefits. The outcome variable was number of outdoor play scenarios children experienced. Ordinal logistic regression analyses were supported by the variables: respondent age, respondent experiences as a child, child age, perceptions of road traffic, and urbanicity of home/practitioner setting. Results suggested that an increasing number of perceived dangers was generally reflected in lower odds of the children having play experiences. This effect was consistent regardless of being a parent or practitioner. When perceived benefits were included in the model the effects of perceived danger became non-significant. Contributing Scottish evidence to the wider literature supports context specific intervention efforts promoting the benefits of outdoor (risky) play.
Research Center/Unit :
RUCHE - Research Unit for a life-Course perspective on Health & Education - ULiège
Disciplines :
Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
McCrorie, Paul ; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow
Johnstone, Avril ; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow
Nicholls, Natalie; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow
Keime, Marine; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow
Jidovtseff, Boris ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des Sciences de l'activité physique et de la réadaptation > Déterminants de la performance et aspects généraux de l'entraînement - Aspects spécifiques de l'entraînement y compris de haut niveau
Martin, Anne ; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow
Language :
English
Title :
Risky outdoor play in the early years: how are parental and practitioner perceptions of danger and benefits associated with young children's outdoor play experiences?
Alternative titles :
[fr] Jeux risqué dans la petite enfance: comment sont les représentation des dangers et des bénéfices associés avec le jeu extérieur auprès des parents et professionnels de l'enfance
Publication date :
04 July 2025
Journal title :
International Journal of Play
ISSN :
2159-4937
eISSN :
2159-4953
Publisher :
Informa UK Limited
Special issue title :
Play for Health and Wellbeing. Guest editors: John McKendrick, Tassy Thompson and Stacey Marko
Volume :
14
Issue :
2
Pages :
120-138
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Development Goals :
3. Good health and well-being 4. Quality education
MRC - Medical Research Council ULiège - University of Liège
Funding text :
This work was supported by the Medical Research Council grant numbers [MC_UU_00022/1;
AM] and [MC_UU_00022/4; PM, NN, AJ] and Chief Scientist Office grant numbers
[SPHSU16; AM] and [SPHSU19; PM, AJ, NN]. MK was supported by the Glasgow Children’s
Hospital Research Fund and BJ by the University of Leige.
Ball, D. J., (2004). Policy issues and risk–benefit trade-offs of ‘safer surfacing’for children’s playgrounds. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(4), 661–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00088-5
Batty, D., (2010). Health and safety review to curb the ‘Nanny State’. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/oct/02/health-safety-review-nanny-state
Beck, U., (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.
Brussoni, M., Gibbons, R., Gray, C., Ishikawa, T., Sandseter, E. B. H., Bienenstock, A., Chabot, G., Fuselli, P., Herrington, S., & Janssen, I., (2015). What is the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children? A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(6), 6423–6454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606423
Brussoni, M., Ishikawa, T., Brunelle, S., & Herrington, S., (2017). Landscapes for play: Effects of an intervention to promote nature-based risky play in early childhood centres. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 54, 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.11.001
Brussoni, M., Olsen, L. L., Pike, I., & Sleet, D. A., (2012). Risky play and children’s safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(9), 3134–3148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093134
Burdette, H. L., & Whitaker, R. C., (2005). Resurrecting free play in young children: looking beyond fitness and fatness to attention, affiliation, and affect. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 159(1), 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.1.46
Care Inspectorate. (2016). Positive approach to risk in play. Care Inspectorate. Retrieved September 20, 2023, from https://www.careinspectorate.com/index.php/guidance/9-professional/2961-positive-approach-to-risk-in-play
Carey, G., Malbon, E., Carey, N., Joyce, A., Crammond, B., & Carey, A., (2015). Systems science and systems thinking for public health: a systematic review of the field. BMJ Open, 5(12), e009002. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009002
Charters, E., (2003). The use of think-aloud methods in qualitative research an introduction to think-aloud methods. Brock Education Journal, 12(2), 68–82. https://doi.org/10.26522/brocked.v12i2.38
Cheng, T., Brussoni, M., Han, C., Munday, F., & Zeni, M., (2022). Perceived challenges of early childhood educators in promoting unstructured outdoor play: an ecological systems perspective. Early Years, 1–17.
Connolly, M., & Haughton, C., (2017). The perception, management and performance of risk amongst Forest School educators. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(2), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2015.1073098
Couper, M. P., Tourangeau, R., & Kenyon, K., (2004). Picture this!: Exploring visual effects in web surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(2), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfh013
Daniel, T. C., (2001). Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century. Landscape and urban planning, 54(1-4), 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00141-4
Dodd, H. F., FitzGibbon, L., Watson, B. E., & Nesbit, R. J., (2021). Children’s play and independent mobility in 2020: Results from the British children’s play survey. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(8), 4334. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/8/4334
Duflos, M., Hussaina, H., Olsen, L., Ishikawa, T., & Brussoni, M., (2023). Is parental propensity to risk associated with their child’s medically-attended injuries? A cross-sectional study. Journal of Safety Research, 85, 436–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2023.04.011
Fjørtoft, I., (2004). Landscape as playscape: The effects of natural environments on children's play and motor development. Children Youth and Environments, 14(2), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1353/cye.2004.0054
Gray, C., Gibbons, R., Larouche, R., Sandseter, E. B. H., Bienenstock, A., Brussoni, M., Chabot, G., Herrington, S., Janssen, I., & Pickett, W., (2015). What is the relationship between outdoor time and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness in children? A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(6), 6455–6474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606455
International Organization for Standardization. (2023). Benefit-risk assessment for sports and recreational facilities, activities and equipment (ISO Standard No. 4980:2023). https://www.iso.org/standard/80573.html
Jerebine, A., Fitton-Davies, K., Lander, N., Eyre, E. L., Duncan, M. J., & Barnett, L. M., (2022a). All the fun stuff, the teachers say,‘that’s dangerous!’” Hearing from children on safety and risk in active play in schools: a systematic review. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 19(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01305-0
Jerebine, A., Fitton-Davies, K., Lander, N., Eyre, E. L., Duncan, M. J., & Barnett, L. M., (2022b). Children are precious cargo; we don’t let them take any risks!”: Hearing from adults on safety and risk in children’s active play in schools: a systematic review. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 19(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01238-0
Jidovtseff, B., Pirard, F., Martin, A., McCrorie, P., Vidal, A., & Pools, E., (2022). Parental assessment of benefits and of dangers determines children’s permission to play outdoors. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(18), 11467. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811467
Johnstone, A., Martin, A., Cordovil, R., Fjørtoft, I., Iivonen, S., Jidovtseff, B., Lopes, F., Reilly, J. J., Thomson, H., Wells, V., & McCrorie, P., (2022). Nature-based early childhood education and children's social, emotional and cognitive development: A mixed-methods systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 5967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105967. PMID: 35627504; PMCID: PMC9142068.
Kemple, K. M., Oh, J., Kenney, E., & Smith-Bonahue, T., (2016). The power of outdoor play and play in natural environments. Childhood education, 92(6), 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2016.1251793
Kleppe, R., Melhuish, E., & Sandseter, E. B. H., (2017). Identifying and characterizing risky play in the age one-to-three years. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(3), 370–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1308163
Koorts, H., & Rutter, H., (2021). A systems approach to scale-up for population health improvement. Health Research Policy and Systems, 19(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-021-00679-0
Kyttä, M., Hirvonen, J., Rudner, J., Pirjola, I., & Laatikainen, T., (2015). The last free-range children? Children’s independent mobility in Finland in the 1990s and 2010s. Journal of transport geography, 47, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.07.004
Lavrysen, A., Bertrands, E., Leyssen, L., Smets, L., Vanderspikken, A., & De Graef, P., (2017). Risky-play at school. Facilitating risk perception and competence in young children. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(1), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2015.1102412
Lee, E.-Y., Bains, A., Hunter, S., Ament, A., Brazo-Sayavera, J., Carson, V., Hakimi, S., Huang, W. Y., Janssen, I., & Lee, M., (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of school-based interventions with health education to reduce body mass index in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 18(1), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01065-9
Lee, E.-Y., De Lannoy, L., Li, L., De Barros, M. I. A., Bentsen, P., Brussoni, M., Crompton, L., Fiskum, T. A., Guerrero, M., & Hallås, B. O., (2022). Play, learn, and teach outdoors—Network (PLaTO-Net): Terminology, taxonomy, and ontology. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 19(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01294-0
Leischow, S. J., Best, A., Trochim, W. M., Clark, P. I., Gallagher, R. S., Marcus, S. E., & Matthews, E., (2008). Systems thinking to improve the public's health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(2 Suppl), S196–S203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.05.014
LeMasters, A. C., & Vandermaas-Peeler, M., (2023). Exploring outdoor play: A mixed-methods study of the quality of preschool play environments and teacher perceptions of risky play. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 23(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2021.1925564
Little, H., Sandseter, E. B. H., & Wyver, S., (2012). Early childhood teachers’ beliefs about children's risky play in Australia and Norway. Contemporary issues in early childhood, 13(4), 300–316. https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2012.13.4.300
Little, H., & Wyver, S., (2008). Outdoor play: Does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits?Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910803300206
Loebach, J., Sanches, M., Jaffe, J., & Elton-Marshall, T., (2021). Paving the way for outdoor play: Examining socio-environmental barriers to community-based outdoor play. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(7), 3617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073617
Martin, A., Brophy, R., Clarke, J., Hall Charlotte J. S., Jago Russell, Kipping Ruth, Reid Tom, Rigby Benjamin, Taylor Hilary, White James, Simpson Sharon A., (2022). Environmental and practice factors associated with children’s device-measured physical activity and sedentary time in early childhood education and care centres: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01303-2
McGinn, A. P., Evenson, K. R., Herring, A. H., Huston, S. L., & Rodriguez, D. A., (2008). The association of perceived and objectively measured crime with physical activity: a cross-sectional analysis. Journal of physical activity and health, 5(1), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.5.1.117
Mowder, B. A., (2005). Parent development theory: Understanding parents, parenting perceptions and parenting behaviors.
New, R. S., Mardell, B., & Robinson, D., (2005). Early childhood education as risky business: Going beyond what's” safe” to discovering what's possible. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 7(2), n2.
Pearce, A., Mason, K., Fleming, K., Taylor-Robinson, D., & Whitehead, M., (2020). Reducing inequities in health across the life-course: early years, childhood and adolescence.
Peters, D. H., (2014). The application of systems thinking in health: Why use systems thinking?Health Research Policy and Systems, 12(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4505-12-51
Rademacher, A., & Koglin, U., (2018). The concept of self-regulation and preschoolers’ social-emotional development: a systematic review. Early Child Development and Care, 2299–2317.
Ren, J. Y., & Langhout, R. D., (2010). A recess evaluation with the players: Taking steps toward participatory action research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(1-2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9320-2
Sandseter, E. B. H., (2007). Categorising risky play—how can we identify risk-taking in children's play?European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930701321733
Sandseter, E. B. H., (2009). Children's expressions of exhilaration and fear in risky play. Contemporary issues in early childhood, 10(2), 92–106. https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2009.10.2.92
Sandseter, E. B. H., (2010). Scaryfunny: A qualitative study of risky play among preschool children.
Sandseter, E. B. H., (2011). Restrictive Safety or Unsafe Freedom? Norwegian ECEC Practitioners' Perceptions and Practices Concerning Children's Risky Play. Child Care in Practice, 18(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2011.621889
Sandseter, E. B. H., Cordovil, R., Hagen, T. L., & Lopes, F., (2020). Barriers for outdoor play in early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions: Perception of risk in children’s play among European parents and ECEC practitioners. Child Care in Practice, 26(2), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2019.1685461
Scottish Government. (2022). Scottish Government urban rural classification 2020.
Scottish Government. (2023). Policy: Human rights. Scpttish Government. Retrieved September 20, 2023, from https://www.gov.scot/policies/human-rights/childrens-rights/#:~:text = delivering%20public%20services.-,The%20United%20Nations%20Convention%20on%20the%20Rights%20of%20the%20Child,'%20or%20'the%20bill
Steen Jacobsen, J. K., (2007). Use of landscape perception methods in tourism studies: A review of photo–based research approaches. Tourism Geographies, 9(3), 234–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680701422871
Telama, R., Yang, X., Leskinen, E., Kankaanpää, A., Hirvensalo, M., Tammelin, T., Viikari, J. S., & Raitakari, O. T., (2014). Tracking of physical activity from early childhood through youth into adulthood. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(5), 955–962. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000181
Truelove, S., Bruijns, B. A., Vanderloo, L. M., O'Brien, K. T., Johnson, A. M., & Tucker, P., (2018). Physical activity and sedentary time during childcare outdoor play sessions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive medicine, 108, 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.022
United Nations. (1989). Convention on the rights of the child. Treaty Series, 1577, 3. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child
Vandermaas-Peeler, M., Dean, C., Biehl, M. S., & Mellman, A., (2019). Parents’ beliefs about young children’s play and nature experiences in Danish and US contexts. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 19(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2018.1507829
Williams, R., (2006). Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, 6(1), 58–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0600600104
Williamson, C., Baker, G., Tomasone, J.R., Bauman, A., Mutrie, N., Niven, A., Richards, J., Oyeyemi, A., Baxter, B., Rigby, B., Cullen, B., Paddy, B., Smith, B., Foster, C., Drummy, C., Vandelanotte, C., Oliver, E., Dewi, F.S.T., McEwen, F., … Kelly, P., (2021). The physical activity messaging framework (PAMF) and checklist (PAMC): International consensus statement and user guide. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), p. 164.
Witten, K., Kearns, R., Carroll, P., Asiasiga, L., & Tava'e, N., (2013). New Zealand parents’ understandings of the intergenerational decline in children's independent outdoor play and active travel. Children's Geographies, 11(2), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2013.779839
Wolfe, R., (1997). OMODEL: Stata modules to perform tests on ordered probit and ordered logit models. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:boc:bocode:s320901
Zucca, C., McCrorie, P., Johnstone, A., Chambers, S., Chng, N. R., Traynor, O., & Martin, A., (2023). Outdoor nature-based play in early learning and childcare centres: Identifying the determinants of implementation using causal loop diagrams and social network analysis. Health & Place, 79, 102955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102955