planets and satellites: detection; stars: low-mass; techniques: photometric; techniques: radial velocities; Exo-planets; Follow up; Ground based; M stars; Neptune; Photometrics; Planets and satellites: detections; Stars: low mass; Techniques: photometric; Techniques: radial velocities; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] We present the detection of three exoplanets orbiting the early M dwarf TOI-663 (TIC 54962195; V = 13.7 mag, J = 10.4 mag, R* = 0.512 ± 0.015 R☉, M* = 0.514 ± 0.012 M☉, d = 64 pc). TOI-663 b, c, and d, with respective radii of 2.27 ± 0.10 R+, 2.26 ± 0.10 R+, and 1.92 ± 0.13 R+ and masses of 4.45 ± 0.65 M+, 3.65 ± 0.97 M+, and <5.2 M+ at 99%, are located just above the radius valley that separates rocky and volatile-rich exoplanets. The planet candidates are identified in two TESS sectors and are validated with ground-based photometric follow-up, precise radial-velocity measurements, and high-resolution imaging. We used the software package juliet to jointly model the photometric and radial-velocity datasets, with Gaussian processes applied to correct for systematics. The three planets discovered in the TOI-663 system are low-mass mini-Neptunes with radii significantly larger than those of rocky analogs, implying that volatiles, such as water, must predominate. In addition to this internal structure analysis, we also performed a dynamical analysis that confirmed the stability of the system. The three exoplanets in the TOI-663 system, similarly to other sub-Neptunes orbiting M dwarfs, have been found to have lower densities than planets of similar sizes orbiting stars of different spectral types.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Cointepas, M.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France ; Observatoire de Genève, Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Bouchy, F.; Observatoire de Genève, Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Almenara, J.M. ; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Bonfils, X. ; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Astudillo-Defru, N. ; Departamento de Matemática y Física Aplicadas, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Knierim, H. ; Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Mignon, L.; Observatoire de Genève, Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Grieves, N.; Observatoire de Genève, Département d’Astronomie, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Bean, J. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Brady, M. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Burt, J. ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Canto Martins, B.L. ; Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Collins, K.A. ; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States ; George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
Livingston, J.H. ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
Delfosse, X.; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
de Medeiros, J.R. ; Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
Demory, B.-O.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Dorn, C.; Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Forveille, T. ; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Fukui, A. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain ; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Gan, T. ; Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua Centre for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Gómez Maqueo Chew, Y. ; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Astronomía, CDMX, Mexico
Halverson, S. ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
Helled, R. ; Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Helm, I. ; George Mason University, Fairfax, United States
Hirano, T. ; Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
Horne, K. ; SUPA Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom
Howell, S.B. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Isogai, K. ; Okayama Observatory, Kyoto University, Okayama, Japan ; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Kasper, D. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Kawauchi, K. ; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
Livingston, J.H. ; Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Tokyo, Japan
Massey, B. ; Villa’39 Observatory, Landers, United States
Matson, R.A. ; U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, United States
Murgas, F. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain ; Dept. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
Narita, N. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain ; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ; Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan
Palle, E. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain ; Dept. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
Relles, H.M. ; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Sabin, L.; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Instituto de Astronomía, Ensenada, Mexico
Schanche, N.; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
Schwarz, R.P. ; Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Seifahrt, A. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Shporer, A. ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Stefansson, G. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, United States
Sturmer, J.; Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Tamura, M. ; Astrobiology Center, Tokyo, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Tan, T.-G. ; Perth Exoplanet Survey Telescope, Perth, Australia
Twicken, J.D. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States ; SETI Institute, Mountain View, United States
Watanabe, N. ; Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Wells, R.D.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Wilkin, F.P. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Union College, Schenectady, United States
Ricker, G.R. ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Seager, S. ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, Cambridge, United States
Winn, J.N. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, United States
Jenkins, J.M. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
We are grateful to the ESO/La Silla staff for their continuous support. We acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the ERC Grant Agreement n. 337591-ExTrA. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. We acknowledge the use of public TESS Alert data from the pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) program through the NASA Advanced Supercom-puting (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. We thank the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Geneva University for their continuous support to our planet search programs. This work has been in particular carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research \u2018PlanetS\u2019 supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). This work made use of tpfplotter by J. Lillo-Box (publicly available in www.github.com/jlillo/tpfplotter ), which also made use of the python packages astropy, lightkurve, matplotlib and numpy . This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Some of the observations in this paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument Zorro and were obtained under Gemini LLP Proposal Number: GN/S-2021A-LP-105. Zorro was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. Zorro was mounted on the Gemini South telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF\u2019s OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00F3n y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00EDa e Innovaci\u00F3n (Argentina), Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00E7\u00F5es e Comunica\u00E7\u00F5es (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). Some observations in this paper were obtained with MAROON-X, a visitor instrument on the Gemini North telescope, located within the Maunakea Science Reserve and adjacent to the summit of Maunakea. We are grateful for the privilege of observing the Universe from a place that is unique in both its astronomical quality and its cultural significance. This work is based upon observations carried out at the Observatorio Astron\u00F3mico Nacional on the Sierra de San Pedro M\u00E1rtir (OAN-SPM), Baja California, M\u00E9xico. SAINT-EX observations and team were supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-163967 and PP00P2-190080), the Centre for Space and Habitability (CSH) of the University of Bern, the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS, supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), and UNAM PAPIIT-IG101321. This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program (ExoFOP; DOI: 10.26134/ExoFOP5) website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP17H04574, JP18H05439, JP 18H05442, JP19K14783, JP20K14521, JP21H00035, JP21K13955, JP21K20376, Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows, Grant Number JP20J21872, JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR1761, and Astrobiology Center SATELLITE Research project AB022006. This article is based on observations made with the MuSCAT2 instrument, developed by ABC, at Telescopio Carlos S\u00E1nchez operated on the island of Tenerife by the IAC in the Spanish Observatorio del Teide. M.T. is supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant Nos.18H05442. C.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant TMSGI2_211313. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE 1746045. G.S. acknowledges support provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51519.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. J.R.M. and B.L.C.M. acknowledge continuous grants from the brazilian funding agencies CAPES (Finance Code 001) and CNPq. The material is based upon work supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002.We are grateful to the ESO/La Silla staff for their continuous support. We acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the ERC Grant Agreement n. 337591-ExTrA. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. We acknowledge the use of public TESS Alert data from the pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. We thank the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Geneva University for their continuous support to our planet search programs. This work has been in particular carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research \u2018PlanetS\u2019 supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). This work made use of tpfplotter by J. Lillo-Box (publicly available in www.github.com/jlillo/tpfplotter), which also made use of the python packages astropy, lightkurve, matplotlib and numpy. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Some of the observations in this paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument Zorro and were obtained under Gemini LLP Proposal Number: GN/S-2021A-LP-105. Zorro was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. Zorro was mounted on the Gemini South telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF\u2019s OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00F3n y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00EDa e Innovaci\u00F3n (Argentina), Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00E7\u00F5es e Comunica\u00E7\u00F5es (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). Some observations in this paper were obtained with MAROON-X, a visitor instrument on the Gemini North telescope, located within the Maunakea Science Reserve and adjacent to the summit of Maunakea. We are grateful for the privilege of observing the Universe from a place that is unique in both its astronomical quality and its cultural significance. This work is based upon observations carried out at the Observatorio Astron\u00F3mico Nacional on the Sierra de San Pedro M\u00E1rtir (OAN-SPM), Baja California, M\u00E9xico. SAINT-EX observations and team were supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-163967 and PP00P2-190080), the Centre for Space and Habitability (CSH) of the University of Bern, the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS, supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), and UNAM PAPIIT-IG101321. This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program (ExoFOP; DOI: 10.26134/ExoFOP5) website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate. This work is partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP17H04574, JP18H05439, JP 18H05442, JP19K14783, JP20K14521, JP21H00035, JP21K13955, JP21K20376, Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows, Grant Number JP20J21872, JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR1761, and Astrobiology Center SATELLITE Research project AB022006. This article is based on observations made with the MuSCAT2 instrument, developed by ABC, at Telescopio Carlos S\u00E1nchez operated on the island of Tenerife by the IAC in the Spanish Observatorio del Teide. M.T. is supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant Nos.18H05442. C.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant TMSGI2_211313. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE 1746045. G.S. acknowledges support provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51519.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. J.R.M. and B.L.C.M. acknowledge continuous grants from the brazilian funding agencies CAPES (Finance Code 001) and CNPq. The material is based upon work supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002.
