COVID-19; adolescent; chronotype; insomnia; lockdown; mental health; sleep; Medicine (all)
Abstract :
[en] Background: Social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in altered sleep patterns and mental health challenges, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Our objective was to examine the potential difference in insomnia prevalence and sleep patterns in this population between the first COVID-19 lockdown and the post-lockdown period, with a focus on chronotype. Additionally, we explored the network of sleep-related differences between these two periods. Methods: A total of 946 respondents participated in our online questionnaire. We performed mixed ANOVA, Ising network and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) analyses. Results: Respondents reported going to bed earlier, waking up earlier, sleeping less, and feeling less mentally tired than during the lockdown. The severity of insomnia symptoms did not change. The lethargic chronotype reported more insomnia symptoms, depressive feelings, and agitation than others. Mental fatigue was the central symptom in the Ising network and served as the parent node in the DAG. Conclusions: Post-lockdown, adolescents and young adults have shifted to earlier sleep and wake times with reduced overall sleep, and they experience fewer depressive feelings and less agitation, though insomnia symptoms remain unchanged. Participants who reported increased irritability or poorer sleep quality during confinement also reported similar or diminished attentional capacities compared to their usual levels.
Disciplines :
Psychiatry
Author, co-author :
Windal, Maxime ; Faculty of Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ; Brain, Body and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Roland, Aurore ; Brain, Body and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ; Brussels University Consultation Center, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Briganti, Giovanni ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques > Santé digitale ; Chair of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Medicine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium ; Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et Addictologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Kornreich, Charles; Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et Addictologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ; Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
Mairesse, Olivier ; Brain, Body and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ; Brussels University Consultation Center, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium ; Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, 1020 Brussels, Belgium ; Vital Signs and PERformance Monitoring (VIPER), LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
Chronotype Differences and Symptom Network Dynamics of Post-Pandemic Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults.
Bruni O. Malorgio E. Doria M. Finotti E. Spruyt K. Melegari M.G. Villa M.P. Ferri R. Changes in sleep patterns and disturbances in children and adolescents in Italy during the COVID-19 outbreak Sleep Med. 2022 91 166 174 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.003 33618965
Kauhanen L. Yunus W.M.A.W.M. Lempinen L. Peltonen K. Gyllenberg D. Mishina K. Gilbert S. Bastola K. Brown J.S.L. Sourander A. A systematic review of the mental health changes of children and young people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2023 32 995 1013 10.1007/s00787-022-02060-0
Li Y. Wang A. Wu Y. Han N. Huang H. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Front. Psychol. 2021 12 669119 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669119
Wu T. Jia X. Shi H. Niu J. Yin X. Xie J. Wang X. Prevalence of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis J. Affect. Disord. 2021 281 91 98 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.117
Roland A. Colomb C. Noël S. Putilov A. Oginska H. Delwiche B. Benkirane O. Windal M. Vanlaer N. Briganti G. et al. Prevalence of Insomnia and Sleep Habits during the First and Second Wave of COVID-19 in Belgium Psychol. Belg. 2023 63 18 29 10.5334/pb.1160
Becker S.P. Gregory A.M. Gregory Editorial Perspective: Perils and promise for child and adolescent sleep and associated psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2020 61 757 759 10.1111/jcpp.13278 32474941
Gruber R. Saha S. Somerville G. Boursier J. Wise M.S. The impact of COVID-19 related school shutdown on sleep in adolescents: A natural experiment Sleep Med. 2020 76 33 35 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.09.015
Socarras L.R. Potvin J. Forest G. COVID-19 and sleep patterns in adolescents and young adults Sleep Med. 2021 83 26 33 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.04.010 33990063
Roenneberg T. Having Trouble Typing? What on Earth Is Chronotype? J. Biol. Rhythm. 2015 30 487 491 10.1177/0748730415603835
Putilov A.A. Sveshnikov D.S. Puchkova A.N. Dorokhov V.B. Bakaeva Z.B. Yakunina E.B. Starshinov Y.P. Torshin V.I. Alipov N.N. Sergeeva O.V. et al. Single-Item Chronotyping (SIC), a method to self-assess diurnal types by using 6 simple charts Pers. Individ. Dif. 2021 168 110353 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110353
Fischer D. Lombardi D.A. Marucci-Wellman H. Roenneberg T. Chronotypes in the US—Influence of age and sex PLoS ONE 2017 12 e0178782 10.1371/journal.pone.0178782 28636610
Jongte L. Tripathi K. Trivedi A. Changes associate with chronotype, sleep pattern and depression levels among school students during pandemic COVID-19 lockdown and post lockdown online classes J. Environ. Biol. 2023 44 327 334 10.22438/jeb/44/3/MRN-5039
Massar S.A.A. Ng A.S.C. Soon C.S. Ong J.L. Chua X.Y. Chee N.I.Y.N. Lee T.S. Chee M.W.L. Reopening after lockdown: The influence of working-from-home and digital device use on sleep, physical activity, and wellbeing following COVID-19 lockdown and reopening Sleep 2021 45 zsab250 10.1093/sleep/zsab250
Evaluation of Belgium’s COVID-19 Responses OECD Paris, France 2023 10.1787/990b14aa-en
Salfi F. Amicucci G. Corigliano D. Viselli L. D’Atri A. Tempesta D. Gorgoni M. Scarpelli S. Alfonsi V. Ferrara M. Two years after lockdown: Longitudinal trajectories of sleep disturbances and mental health over the COVID-19 pandemic, and the effects of age, gender and chronotype J. Sleep Res. 2022 32 e13767 10.1111/jsr.13767
Morin C.M. Insomnia: Psychological Assessment and Management Guilford Press New York, NY, USA 1993
Epskamp S. Borsboom D. Fried E.I. Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper Behav. Res. Methods 2018 50 195 212 10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1 28342071
Epskamp S. Cramer A.O.J. Waldorp L.J. Schmittmann V.D. Borsboom D. qgraph: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data J. Stat. Softw. 2012 48 1 18 10.18637/jss.v048.i04
Haslbeck J.M.B. Waldorp L.J. mgm: Estimating Time-Varying Mixed Graphical Models in High-Dimensional Data J. Stat. Softw. 2020 93 1 46 10.18637/jss.v093.i08
Pearl J. Glymour M. Jewell N.P. Causal Inference in Statistics: A Primer 1st ed. Wiley Hoboken, NJ, USA 2016
Heeren A. Hanseeuw B. Cougnon L.-A. Lits G. Excessive Worrying as a Central Feature of Anxiety during the First COVID-19 Lockdown-Phase in Belgium: Insights from a Network Approach Psychol. Belg. 2021 61 401 10.5334/pb.1069
Bernstein E.E. Heeren A. McNally R.J. Unpacking Rumination and Executive Control: A Network Perspective Clin. Psychol. Sci. 2017 5 816 826 10.1177/2167702617702717
Blanchard M.A. Roskam I. Mikolajczak M. Heeren A. A network approach to parental burnout Child. Abus. Negl. 2021 111 104826 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104826
Heeren A. On the Distinction between Fear and Anxiety in a (Post)Pandemic World: A Commentary on Schimmenti et al. (2020) Clin. Neuropsychiatry 2020 17 189 191 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20200307
McNally R.J. Heeren A. Robinaugh D.J. A Bayesian network analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults reporting childhood sexual abuse Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2017 8 1341276 10.1080/20008198.2017.1341276
Scutari M. Learning Bayesian Networks with the bnlearn R Package J. Stat. Softw. 2010 35 1 22 10.18637/jss.v035.i03
Scutari M. Denis J.-B. Bayesian Networks Chapman and Hall/CRC Boca Raton, FL, USA 2014 10.1201/b17065
Scutari M. Nagarajan R. Identifying significant edges in graphical models of molecular networks Artif. Intell. Med. 2013 57 207 217 10.1016/j.artmed.2012.12.006 23395009
Windal M. Sleep and Mental Health in the Belgian Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Network Université Libre de Bruxelles & Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium 2024 Chapter 2.3 59 79
McNally R.J. Network Analysis of Psychopathology: Controversies and Challenges Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2021 17 31 53 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-092850 33228401
Becker S.P. Dvorsky M.R. Breaux R. Cusick C.N. Taylor K.P. Langberg J.M. Prospective examination of adolescent sleep patterns and behaviors before and during COVID-19 Sleep 2021 44 zsab054 10.1093/sleep/zsab054
American Academy of Sleep Medicine International Classification of Sleep Disorder 3rd ed. American Academy of Sleep Medicine Darien, IL, USA 2014
Putilov A.A. Marcoen N. Neu D. Pattyn N. Mairesse O. There is more to chronotypes than evening and morning types: Results of a large-scale community survey provide evidence for high prevalence of two further types Pers. Individ. Dif. 2019 148 77 84 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.017
Kalmbach D.A. Schneider L.D. Cheung J. Bertrand S.J. Kariharan T. Pack A.I. Gehrman P.R. Genetic Basis of Chronotype in Humans: Insights from Three Landmark GWAS Sleep 2016 40 zsw048 10.1093/sleep/zsw048
Neu D. Mairesse O. Hoffmann G. Valsamis J.-B. Verbanck P. Linkowski P. Le Bon O. Do ‘Sleepy’ and ‘Tired’ Go Together? Rasch Analysis of the Relationships between Sleepiness, Fatigue and Nonrestorative Sleep Complaints in a Nonclinical Population Sample Neuroepidemiology 2010 35 1 11 10.1159/000301714
Neu D. Linkowski P. le Bon O. Clinical complaints of daytime sleepiness and fatigue: How to distinguish and treat them, especially when they become ‘excessive’ or ‘chronic’? Acta Neurol. Belg. 2010 110 15 25
Shen J. Barbera J. Shapiro C.M. Distinguishing sleepiness and fatigue: Focus on definition and measurement Sleep Med. Rev. 2006 10 63 76 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.004
Arslan G. Psychological Maltreatment, Social Acceptance, Social Connectedness, and Subjective Well-Being in Adolescents J. Happiness Stud. 2018 19 983 1001 10.1007/s10902-017-9856-z
Savci M. Aysan A.F. Hypothetical Model Proposal for Social Connectedness in Adolescents Turk. Psychol. Couns. Guid. J. 2019 9 589 621
Furstova J. Kascakova N. Sigmundova D. Zidkova R. Tavel P. Badura P. Perceived stress of adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown: Bayesian multilevel modeling of the Czech HBSC lockdown survey Front. Psychol. 2022 13 964313 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.964313 36248520
Singh S. Roy D. Sinha K. Parveen S. Sharma G. Joshi G. Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations Psychiatry Res. 2020 293 113429 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113429 32882598
Labrague L.J. McEnroe-Petitte D. Tsaras K. Yboa B.C. Rosales R.A. Tizon M.M. D’Souza M.S. Predictors of postpartum depression and the utilization of postpartum depression services in rural areas in the Philippines Perspect. Psychiatr. Care 2020 56 308 315 10.1111/ppc.12428
Wardle-Pinkston S. Slavish D.C. Taylor D.J. Insomnia and cognitive performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis Sleep Med. Rev. 2019 48 101205 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.07.008
Brownlow J.A. Miller K.E. Gehrman P.R. Insomnia and Cognitive Performance Sleep Med. Clin. 2020 15 71 76 10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.10.002
dos Santos G.B. Beleza A.C.S. Sato T.d.O. Carvalho C. Serrão P.R.M.d.S. Fatigue, sleep quality and mental health symptoms in Brazilian women during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal study Sci. Rep. 2022 12 20346 10.1038/s41598-022-23612-z
Fiorenzato E. Zabberoni S. Costa A. Cona G. Cognitive and mental health changes and their vulnerability factors related to COVID-19 lockdown in Italy PLoS ONE 2021 16 e0246204 10.1371/journal.pone.0246204
Kapoor G. Chauhan P. Singh G. Malhotra N. Chahal A. Physical Activity for Health and Fitness: Past, Present and Future J. Lifestyle Med. 2022 12 9 14 10.15280/jlm.2022.12.1.9
Alnawwar M.A. I Alraddadi M. A Algethmi R. A Salem G. A Salem M. A Alharbi A. The Effect of Physical Activity on Sleep Quality and Sleep Disorder: A Systematic Review Cureus 2023 15 e43595 10.7759/cureus.43595
Kline C.E. Hillman C.H. Sheppard B.B. Tennant B. Conroy D.E. Macko R.F. Marquez D.X. Petruzzello S.J. Powell K.E. Erickson K.I. Physical activity and sleep: An updated umbrella review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee report Sleep Med. Rev. 2021 58 101489 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101489
Bastien C.H. Vallieres A. Morin C.M. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research Sleep Med. 2001 2 297 307 10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4
Johan R. VAD-Leerlingenbevraging 2021–2022|VAD. Brussel 2023 Available online: https://vad.be/catalogus/vad-leerlingenbevraging-2021-2022/ (accessed on 17 August 2024)
Carskadon M.A. Sleep in Adolescents: The Perfect Storm Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 2011 58 637 647 10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.003 21600346
Marx R. E Tanner-Smith E. Davison C.M. Ufholz L.-A. Freeman J. Shankar R. Newton L. Brown R.S. Parpia A.S. Cozma I. et al. Later school start times for supporting the education, health, and well-being of high school students Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017 2017 CD009467 10.1002/14651858.CD009467.pub2
Friston K. FitzGerald T. Rigoli F. Schwartenbeck P. Pezzulo G. Active Inference: A Process Theory Neural Comput. 2017 29 1 49 10.1162/NECO_a_00912 27870614
Antonioni A. Raho E.M. Sensi M. Di Lorenzo F. Fadiga L. Koch G. A new perspective on positive symptoms: Expression of damage or self-defence mechanism of the brain? Neurol. Sci. 2024 45 2347 2351 10.1007/s10072-024-07395-x
