What Is the Impact of Accidentally Transporting Terrestrial Alien Species? A New Life Cycle Impact Assessment Model.

Life Cycle Impact Assessment; characterization factors; ecosystem quality; invasive species; supply chains; transport; Alien species; American Chemical Society; Assessment models; Lifecycle impact assessment; Product and services; Value chains; Chemistry (all); Environmental Chemistry

Abstract :

[en] Alien species form one of the main threats to global biodiversity. Although Life Cycle Assessment attempts to holistically assess environmental impacts of products and services across value chains, ecological impacts of the introduction of alien species are so far not assessed in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. Here, we developed country-to-country-specific characterization factors, expressed as the time-integrated potentially disappeared fraction (PDF; regional and global) of native terrestrial species due to alien species introductions per unit of goods transported [kg] between two countries. The characterization factors were generated by analyzing global data on first records of alien species, native species distributions, and their threat status, as well as bilateral trade partnerships from 1870-2019. The resulting characterization factors vary over several orders of magnitude, indicating that impact greatly varies per transportation route and trading partner. We showcase the applicability and relevance of the characterization factors for transporting 1 metric ton of freight to France from China, South Africa, and Madagascar. The results suggest that the introduction of alien species can be more damaging for terrestrial biodiversity as climate change impacts during the international transport of commodities.

Disciplines :

Environmental sciences & ecology

Author, co-author :

Borgelt, Jan ; Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7034, Norway

Dorber, Martin; Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7034, Norway

Géron, Charly ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biodiversité, Ecosystème et Paysage (BEP)

Kuipers, Koen J J ; Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, GL 6500, Netherlands

Huijbregts, Mark A J ; Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, GL 6500, Netherlands

Verones, Francesca ; Industrial Ecology Programme, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim 7034, Norway

Language :

English

Title :

What Is the Impact of Accidentally Transporting Terrestrial Alien Species? A New Life Cycle Impact Assessment Model.

Publication date :

2024

Journal title :

Environmental Science and Technology

ISSN :

0013-936X

eISSN :

1520-5851

Publisher :

American Chemical Society (ACS), United States

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

3423 - 3436

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Funding text :

This study is part of the Digital Transformation initiative of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. We further thank the IndEcol Digital Lab for providing computational resources and the reviewers of this manuscript for valuable input and suggestions for improvement.

Available on ORBi :

since 21 June 2025

Statistics

Number of views

29 (0 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

25 (0 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Essl, F.; Bacher, S.; Blackburn, T. M.; Booy, O.; Brundu, G.; Brunel, S.; Cardoso, A.-C.; Eschen, R.; Gallardo, B.; Galil, B.; García-Berthou, E.; Genovesi, P.; Groom, Q.; Harrower, C.; Hulme, P. E.; Katsanevakis, S.; Kenis, M.; Kühn, I.; Kumschick, S.; Martinou, A. F.; Nentwig, W.; O’Flynn, C.; Pagad, S.; Pergl, J.; Pyšek, P.; Rabitsch, W.; Richardson, D. M.; Roques, A.; Roy, H. E.; Scalera, R.; Schindler, S.; Seebens, H.; Vanderhoeven, S.; Vilà, M.; Wilson, J. R. U.; Zenetos, A.; Jeschke, J. M. Crossing Frontiers in Tackling Pathways of Biological Invasions. Bioscience 2015, 65 ( 8), 769- 782, 10.1093/biosci/biv082
Essl, F.; Winter, M.; Pyšek, P. Trade Threat Could Be Even More Dire. Nature 2012, 487 ( 7405), 39- 39, 10.1038/487039b
van Kleunen, M.; Essl, F.; Pergl, J.; Brundu, G.; Carboni, M.; Dullinger, S.; Early, R.; González-Moreno, P.; Groom, Q. J.; Hulme, P. E.; Kueffer, C.; Kühn, I.; Máguas, C.; Maurel, N.; Novoa, A.; Parepa, M.; Pyšek, P.; Seebens, H.; Tanner, R.; Touza, J.; Verbrugge, L.; Weber, E.; Dawson, W.; Kreft, H.; Weigelt, P.; Winter, M.; Klonner, G.; Talluto, M. V.; Dehnen-Schmutz, K. The Changing Role of Ornamental Horticulture in Alien Plant Invasions. Biol. Rev. 2018, 93 ( 3), 1421- 1437, 10.1111/brv.12402
Westphal, M. I.; Browne, M.; MacKinnon, K.; Noble, I. The Link between International Trade and the Global Distribution of Invasive Alien Species. Biol. Invasions 2008, 10 ( 4), 391- 398, 10.1007/s10530-007-9138-5
Lenzner, B.; Latombe, G.; Capinha, C.; Bellard, C.; Courchamp, F.; Diagne, C.; Dullinger, S.; Golivets, M.; Irl, S. D. H.; Kühn, I.; Leung, B.; Liu, C.; Moser, D.; Roura-Pascual, N.; Seebens, H.; Turbelin, A.; Weigelt, P.; Essl, F. What Will the Future Bring for Biological Invasions on Islands? An Expert-Based Assessment. Front. Ecol. Evol. 2020, 8 ( September), 1- 16, 10.3389/fevo.2020.00280
Seebens, H.; Briski, E.; Ghabooli, S.; Shiganova, T.; MacIsaac, H. J.; Blasius, B. Non-Native Species Spread in a Complex Network: The Interaction of Global Transport and Local Population Dynamics Determines Invasion Success. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2019, 286 ( 1901), 20190036, 10.1098/rspb.2019.0036
Capinha, C.; Essl, F.; Seebens, H.; Moser, D.; Pereira, H. M. The Dispersal of Alien Species Redefines Biogeography in the Anthropocene. Science (80-.) 2015, 348 ( 6240), 1248- 1251, 10.1126/science.aaa8913
Turbelin, A. J.; Malamud, B. D.; Francis, R. A. Mapping the Global State of Invasive Alien Species: Patterns of Invasion and Policy Responses. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2017, 26 ( 1), 78- 92, 10.1111/geb.12517
Pimentel, D.; McNair, S.; Janecka, J.; Wightman, J.; Simmonds, C.; O’Connell, C.; Wong, E.; Russel, L.; Zern, J.; Aquino, T.; Tsomondo, T. Economic and Environmental Threats of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Invasions. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2001, 84 ( 1), 1- 20, 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00178-X
Hulme, P. E.; Bacher, S.; Kenis, M.; Klotz, S.; Kühn, I.; Minchin, D.; Nentwig, W.; Olenin, S.; Panov, V.; Pergl, J.; Pyšek, P.; Roques, A.; Sol, D.; Solarz, W.; Vilà, M. Grasping at the Routes of Biological Invasions: A Framework for Integrating Pathways into Policy. J. Appl. Ecol. 2008, 45 ( 2), 403- 414, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01442.x
Pyšek, P.; Lambdon, P. W.; Arianoutsou, M.; Kühn, I.; Pino, J.; Winter, M. Alien Vascular Plants of Europe. In Handbook of Alien Species in Europe; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, 2009; pp 43- 61. 10.1007/978-1-4020-8280-1_4.
Essl, F.; Bacher, S.; Genovesi, P.; Hulme, P. E.; Jeschke, J. M.; Katsanevakis, S.; Kowarik, I.; Kühn, I.; Pyšek, P.; Rabitsch, W.; Schindler, S.; van Kleunen, M.; Vilà, M.; Wilson, J. R. U.; Richardson, D. M. Which Taxa Are Alien? Criteria, Applications, and Uncertainties. Bioscience 2018, 68 ( 7), 496- 509, 10.1093/biosci/biy057
Lenda, M.; Skórka, P.; Knops, J.; Żmihorski, M.; Gaj, R.; Moroń, D.; Woyciechowski, M.; Tryjanowski, P. Multispecies Invasion Reduces the Negative Impact of Single Alien Plant Species on Native Flora. Divers. Distrib. 2019, 25 ( 6), 951- 962, 10.1111/ddi.12902
Essl, F.; Dullinger, S.; Genovesi, P.; Hulme, P. E.; Jeschke, J. M.; Katsanevakis, S.; Kühn, I.; Lenzner, B.; Pauchard, A.; Pyšek, P.; Rabitsch, W.; Richardson, D. M.; Seebens, H.; Van Kleunen, M.; Van Der Putten, W. H.; Vilà, M.; Bacher, S. A Conceptual Framework for Range-Expanding Species That Track Human-Induced Environmental Change. Bioscience 2019, 69 ( 11), 908- 919, 10.1093/biosci/biz101
Dawson, W.; Moser, D.; Van Kleunen, M.; Kreft, H.; Pergl, J.; Pyšek, P.; Weigelt, P.; Winter, M.; Lenzner, B.; Blackburn, T. M.; Dyer, E. E.; Cassey, P.; Scrivens, S. L.; Economo, E. P.; Guénard, B.; Capinha, C.; Seebens, H.; García-Díaz, P.; Nentwig, W.; García-Berthou, E.; Casal, C.; Mandrak, N. E.; Fuller, P.; Meyer, C.; Essl, F. Global Hotspots and Correlates of Alien Species Richness across Taxonomic Groups. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2017, 1 ( JUNE), 1- 7, 10.1038/s41559-017-0186
Seebens, H.; Blackburn, T. M.; Dyer, E. E.; Genovesi, P.; Hulme, P. E.; Jeschke, J. M.; Pagad, S.; Pyšek, P.; Winter, M.; Arianoutsou, M.; Bacher, S.; Blasius, B.; Brundu, G.; Capinha, C.; Celesti-Grapow, L.; Dawson, W.; Dullinger, S.; Fuentes, N.; Jäger, H.; Kartesz, J.; Kenis, M.; Kreft, H.; Kühn, I.; Lenzner, B.; Liebhold, A.; Mosena, A.; Moser, D.; Nishino, M.; Pearman, D.; Pergl, J.; Rabitsch, W.; Rojas-Sandoval, J.; Roques, A.; Rorke, S.; Rossinelli, S.; Roy, H. E.; Scalera, R.; Schindler, S.; Štajerová, K.; Tokarska-Guzik, B.; Van Kleunen, M.; Walker, K.; Weigelt, P.; Yamanaka, T.; Essl, F. No Saturation in the Accumulation of Alien Species Worldwide. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1- 9, 10.1038/ncomms14435
Sardain, A.; Sardain, E.; Leung, B. Global Forecasts of Shipping Traffic and Biological Invasions to 2050. Nat. Sustain. 2019, 2 ( 4), 274- 282, 10.1038/s41893-019-0245-y
Seebens, H.; Blackburn, T. M.; Dyer, E. E.; Genovesi, P.; Hulme, P. E.; Jeschke, J. M.; Pagad, S.; Pyšek, P.; Van Kleunen, M.; Winter, M.; Ansong, M.; Arianoutsou, M.; Bacher, S.; Blasius, B.; Brockerhoff, E. G.; Brundu, G.; Capinha, C.; Causton, C. E.; Celesti-Grapow, L.; Dawson, W.; Dullinger, S.; Economo, E. P.; Fuentes, N.; Guénard, B.; Jäger, H.; Kartesz, J.; Kenis, M.; Kühn, I.; Lenzner, B.; Liebhold, A. M.; Mosena, A.; Moser, D.; Nentwig, W.; Nishino, M.; Pearman, D.; Pergl, J.; Rabitsch, W.; Rojas-Sandoval, J.; Roques, A.; Rorke, S.; Rossinelli, S.; Roy, H. E.; Scalera, R.; Schindler, S.; Štajerová, K.; Tokarska-Guzik, B.; Walker, K.; Ward, D. F.; Yamanaka, T.; Essl, F. Global Rise in Emerging Alien Species Results from Increased Accessibility of New Source Pools. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2018, 115 ( 10), E2264- E2273, 10.1073/PNAS.1719429115/SUPPL_FILE/PNAS.1719429115.SAPP.PDF
Hulme, P. E. Trade, Transport and Trouble: Managing Invasive Species Pathways in an Era of Globalization. J. Appl. Ecol. 2009, 46 ( 1), 10- 18, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01600.x
Bonnamour, A.; Gippet, J. M. W.; Bertelsmeier, C. Insect and Plant Invasions Follow Two Waves of Globalisation. Ecol. Lett. 2021, 24 ( 11), 2418- 2426, 10.1111/ele.13863
Bellard, C.; Leroy, B.; Thuiller, W.; Rysman, J. F.; Courchamp, F. Major Drivers of Invasion Risks throughout the World. Ecosphere 2016, 7 ( 3), 1- 14, 10.1002/ecs2.1241
Géron, C.; Lembrechts, J. J.; Borgelt, J.; Lenoir, J.; Hamdi, R.; Mahy, G.; Nijs, I.; Monty, A. Urban Alien Plants in Temperate Oceanic Regions of Europe Originate from Warmer Native Ranges. Biol. Invasions 2021, 23 ( 6), 1765- 1779, 10.1007/s10530-021-02469-9
Pyšek, P.; Hulme, P. E.; Simberloff, D.; Bacher, S.; Blackburn, T. M.; Carlton, J. T.; Dawson, W.; Essl, F.; Foxcroft, L. C.; Genovesi, P.; Jeschke, J. M.; Kühn, I.; Liebhold, A. M.; Mandrak, N. E.; Meyerson, L. A.; Pauchard, A.; Pergl, J.; Roy, H. E.; Seebens, H.; Kleunen, M.; Vilà, M.; Wingfield, M. J.; Richardson, D. M. Scientists’ Warning on Invasive Alien Species. Biol. Rev. 2020, 95 ( 6), 1511- 1534, 10.1111/brv.12627
Jones, B. A. Tree Shade, Temperature, and Human Health: Evidence from Invasive Species-Induced Deforestation. Ecol. Econ. 2019, 156, 12- 23, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.09.006
Jones, B. A.; McDermott, S. M. Health Impacts of Invasive Species Through an Altered Natural Environment: Assessing Air Pollution Sinks as a Causal Pathway. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2018, 71 ( 1), 23- 43, 10.1007/S10640-017-0135-6/FIGURES/3
Hulme, P. E. Invasive Species Challenge the Global Response to Emerging Diseases. Trends Parasitol. 2014, 30 ( 6), 267- 270, 10.1016/j.pt.2014.03.005
Paini, D. R.; Sheppard, A. W.; Cook, D. C.; De Barro, P. J.; Worner, S. P.; Thomas, M. B. Global Threat to Agriculture from Invasive Species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2016, 113 ( 27), 7575- 7579, 10.1073/pnas.1602205113
Diagne, C.; Leroy, B.; Vaissière, A. C.; Gozlan, R. E.; Roiz, D.; Jarić, I.; Salles, J. M.; Bradshaw, C. J. A.; Courchamp, F. High and Rising Economic Costs of Biological Invasions Worldwide. Nat. 2021, 592 ( 7855), 571- 576, 10.1038/s41586-021-03405-6
Ehrenfeld, J. G. Ecosystem Consequences of Biological Invasions. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2010, 41 ( 1), 59- 80, 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102209-144650
Risch, D. R.; Ringma, J.; Price, M. R. The Global Impact of Wild Pigs (Sus Scrofa) on Terrestrial Biodiversity. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11 ( 1), 13256, 10.1038/s41598-021-92691-1
Doherty, T. S.; Glen, A. S.; Nimmo, D. G.; Ritchie, E. G.; Dickman, C. R. Invasive Predators and Global Biodiversity Loss. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2016, 113 ( 40), 11261- 11265, 10.1073/pnas.1602480113
Capinha, C.; Essl, F.; Seebens, H.; Moser, D.; Pereira, H. M. Science (80-.) 2015, 348 ( 6240), 1248- 1251, 10.1126/SCIENCE.AAA8913/SUPPL_FILE/CAPINHA.SM.PDF
Yang, Q.; Weigelt, P.; Fristoe, T. S.; Zhang, Z.; Kreft, H.; Stein, A.; Seebens, H.; Dawson, W.; Essl, F.; König, C.; Lenzner, B.; Pergl, J.; Pouteau, R.; Pyšek, P.; Winter, M.; Ebel, A. L.; Fuentes, N.; Giehl, E. L. H.; Kartesz, J.; Krestov, P.; Kukk, T.; Nishino, M.; Kupriyanov, A.; Villaseñor, J. L.; Wieringa, J. J.; Zeddam, A.; Zykova, E.; van Kleunen, M. The Global Loss of Floristic Uniqueness. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12 ( 1), 1- 10, 10.1038/s41467-021-27603-y
Bellard, C.; Cassey, P.; Blackburn, T. M. Alien Species as a Driver of Recent Extinctions. Biol. Lett. 2016, 12 ( 4). 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623.
IPBES Global Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services; Brondízio, E. S.; Settele, J.; Díaz, S.; Ngo, H. T., Eds.; IPBES secretariat: Bonn, Germany, 2019. 10.5281/zenodo.3831673.
Banks, N. C.; Paini, D. R.; Bayliss, K. L.; Hodda, M. The Role of Global Trade and Transport Network Topology in the Human-Mediated Dispersal of Alien Species. Ecol. Lett. 2015, 18 ( 2), 188- 199, 10.1111/ele.12397
Pyšek, P.; Jarošík, V.; Hulme, P. E.; Kühn, I.; Wild, J.; Arianoutsou, M.; Bacher, S.; Chiron, F.; Didžiulis, V.; Essl, F.; Genovesi, P.; Gherardi, F.; Hejda, M.; Kark, S.; Lambdon, P. W.; Desprez-Loustau, M. L.; Nentwig, W.; Pergl, J.; Poboljšaj, K.; Rabitsch, W.; Roques, A.; Roy, D. B.; Shirley, S.; Solarz, W.; Vilà, M.; Winter, M. Disentangling the Role of Environmental and Human Pressures on Biological Invasions across Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107 ( 27), 12157- 12162, 10.1073/pnas.1002314107
Early, R.; Bradley, B. A.; Dukes, J. S.; Lawler, J. J.; Olden, J. D.; Blumenthal, D. M.; Gonzalez, P.; Grosholz, E. D.; Ibañez, I.; Miller, L. P.; Sorte, C. J. B.; Tatem, A. J. Global Threats from Invasive Alien Species in the Twenty-First Century and National Response Capacities. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7 ( 1), 12485, 10.1038/ncomms12485
Drake, J. M.; Lodge, D. M. Global Hot Spots of Biological Invasions: Evaluating Options for Ballastwater Management. Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2004, 271 ( 1539), 575- 580, 10.1098/rspb.2003.2629
Paini, D. R.; Worner, S. P.; Cook, D. C.; De Barro, P. J.; Thomas, M. B. Using a Self-Organizing Map to Predict Invasive Species: Sensitivity to Data Errors and a Comparison with Expert Opinion. J. Appl. Ecol. 2010, 47 ( 2), 290- 298, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01782.x
Costello, C.; Springborn, M.; McAusland, C.; Solow, A. Unintended Biological Invasions: Does Risk Vary by Trading Partner?. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 2007, 54 ( 3), 262- 276, 10.1016/j.jeem.2007.06.001
Liebhold, A. M.; Brockerhoff, E. G.; Kimberley, M. Depletion of Heterogeneous Source Species Pools Predicts Future Invasion Rates. J. Appl. Ecol. 2017, 54 ( 6), 1968- 1977, 10.1111/1365-2664.12895
Levine, J. M.; D’Antonio, C. M. Forecasting Biological Invasions with Increasing International Trade. Conserv. Biol. 2003, 17 ( 1), 322- 326, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02038.x
Venkatramanan, S.; Wu, S.; Shi, B.; Marathe, A.; Marathe, M.; Eubank, S.; Sah, L. P.; Giri, A. P.; Colavito, L. A.; Nitin, K. S.; Sridhar, V.; Asokan, R.; Muniappan, R.; Norton, G.; Adiga, A. Modeling Commodity Flow in the Context of Invasive Species Spread: Study of Tuta Absoluta in Nepal. Crop Prot. 2020, 135, 104736, 10.1016/j.cropro.2019.02.012
Kaluza, P.; Kölzsch, A.; Gastner, M. T.; Blasius, B. The Complex Network of Global Cargo Ship Movements. J. R. Soc. Interface 2010, 7 ( 48), 1093- 1103, 10.1098/rsif.2009.0495
Rout, T. M.; Moore, J. L.; Possingham, H. P.; McCarthy, M. A. Allocating Biosecurity Resources between Preventing, Detecting, and Eradicating Island Invasions. Ecol. Econ. 2011, 71 ( 1), 54- 62, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.009
Bradley, B. A.; Laginhas, B. B.; Whitlock, R.; Allen, J. M.; Bates, A. E.; Bernatchez, G.; Diez, J. M.; Early, R.; Lenoir, J.; Vilà, M.; Sorte, C. J. B. B. Disentangling the Abundance-Impact Relationship for Invasive Species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2019, 116 ( 20), 9919- 9924, 10.1073/pnas.1818081116
Roy, E.; Adriaens, T.; Aldridge, D. C.; Blackburn, T. M.; Branquart, E.; Brodie, J.; Carboneras, C.; Cook, E. J.; Copp, G. H.; Dean, H. J.; Eilenberg, J.; Essl, F.; Gallardo, B.; Garcia, M.; Garcia-Berthou, E.; Genovesi, P.; Hulme, P. E.; Kenis, M.; Kerckhof, F.; Kettunen, M.; Minchin, D.; Nentwig, W.; Nieto, A.; Scalera, R.; Schindler, S.; Schonrogge, K.; Sewell, J.; Solarz, W.; Stewart, A.; Tricarico, E.; Vanderhoeven, S.; van der Velde, G.; Vilà, M.; Wood, C. A.; Zenetos, A. Invasive Alien Species - Prioritising Prevention Efforts through Horizon Scanning ENV.B.2/ETU/2014/0016; 2015.
Cuthbert, R. N.; Diagne, C.; Hudgins, E. J.; Turbelin, A.; Ahmed, D. A.; Albert, C.; Bodey, T. W.; Briski, E.; Essl, F.; Haubrock, P. J.; Gozlan, R. E.; Kirichenko, N.; Kourantidou, M.; Kramer, A. M.; Courchamp, F. Biological Invasion Costs Reveal Insufficient Proactive Management Worldwide. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 819, 153404 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153404
Leung, B.; Lodge, D. M.; Finnoff, D.; Shogren, J. F.; Lewis, M. A.; Lamberti, G. An Ounce of Prevention or a Pound of Cure: Bioeconomic Risk Analysis of Invasive Species. Proc. R. Soc. London. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2002, 269 ( 1508), 2407- 2413, 10.1098/rspb.2002.2179
Zenni, R. D.; Essl, F.; García-Berthou, E.; McDermott, S. M. The Economic Costs of Biological Invasions around the World. NeoBiota 2021, 67, 1- 9, 10.3897/neobiota.67.69971
Hellweg, S.; Milà i Canals, L. Emerging Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities in Life Cycle Assessment. Science (80-.) 2014, 344 ( 6188), 1109- 1113, 10.1126/science.1248361
Tukker, A. Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool in Environmental Impact Assessment. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2000, 20 ( 4), 435- 456, 10.1016/S0195-9255(99)00045-1
Kuipers, K. J. J.; May, R.; Verones, F. Considering Habitat Conversion and Fragmentation in Characterisation Factors for Land-Use Impacts on Vertebrate Species Richness. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 801 ( 89), 149737 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149737
Oginah, S. A.; Posthuma, L.; Maltby, L.; Hauschild, M.; Fantke, P. Linking Freshwater Ecotoxicity to Damage on Ecosystem Services in Life Cycle Assessment. Environ. Int. 2023, 171, 107705 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107705
Li, D.; Dorber, M.; Barbarossa, V.; Verones, F. Global Characterization Factors for Quantifying the Impacts of Increasing Water Temperature on Freshwater Fish. Ecol. Indic. 2022, 142, 109201 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109201
de Visser, S.; Scherer, L.; Huijbregts, M.; Barbarossa, V. Characterization Factors for the Impact of Climate Change on Freshwater Fish Species. Ecol. Indic. 2023, 150, 110238 10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110238
Woods, J. S.; Damiani, M.; Fantke, P.; Henderson, A. D.; Johnston, J. M.; Bare, J.; Sala, S.; Maia de Souza, D.; Pfister, S.; Posthuma, L.; Rosenbaum, R. K.; Verones, F. Ecosystem Quality in LCIA: Status Quo, Harmonization, and Suggestions for the Way Forward. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2018, 23 ( 10), 1995- 2006, 10.1007/s11367-017-1422-8
Crenna, E.; Marques, A.; La Notte, A.; Sala, S. Biodiversity Assessment of Value Chains: State of the Art and Emerging Challenges. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54 ( 16), 9715- 9728, 10.1021/acs.est.9b05153
Maier, S. D.; Lindner, J. P.; Francisco, J. Conceptual Framework for Biodiversity Assessments in Global Value Chains. Sustain. 2019, 11 ( 7). 1841 10.3390/su11071841.
Hanafiah, M. M.; Leuven, R. S. E. W.; Sommerwerk, N.; Tockner, K.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. Including the Introduction of Exotic Species in Life Cycle Impact Assessment: The Case of Inland Shipping. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 ( 24), 13934- 13940, 10.1021/es403870z
Beylot, A.; Corrado, S.; Sala, S. Environmental Impacts of European Trade: Interpreting Results of Process-Based LCA and Environmentally Extended Input-Output Analysis towards Hotspot Identification. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2020, 25 ( 12), 2432- 2450, 10.1007/S11367-019-01649-Z/TABLES/3
Gaulier, G.; Zignago, S. BACI : International Trade Database at the Product-Level (the 1994-2007 Version). SSRN Electron. J. 2010, No. 2010. 10.2139/ssrn.1994500.
Barbieri, K.; Keshk, O. M. G.; Pollins, B. M. Trading Data. 2009, 26 ( 5), 471- 491. 10.1177/0738894209343887.
Barbieri, K.; Keshk, O. M. G. Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set Codebook, Version 4.0. Online: Https://Correlatesofwar.Org.; 2016.
IUCN The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3. https://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 2022-04-01).
Verones, F.; Kuipers, K.; Núñez, M.; Rosa, F.; Scherer, L.; Marques, A.; Michelsen, O.; Barbarossa, V.; Jaffe, B.; Pfister, S.; Dorber, M. Global Extinction Probabilities of Terrestrial, Freshwater, and Marine Species Groups for Use in Life Cycle Assessment. Ecol. Indic. 2022, 142, 109204 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109204
Pebesma, E. Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data. R J. 2018, 10 ( 1), 439, 10.32614/RJ-2018-009
Borda-de-Água, L.; Barrientos, R.; Beja, P.; Pereira, H. M. Railway Ecology; Borda-de-Água, L.; Barrientos, R.; Beja, P.; Pereira, H. M., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2017. 10.1007/978-3-319-57496-7.
Chapman, D.; Purse, B. V.; Roy, H. E.; Bullock, J. M. Global Trade Networks Determine the Distribution of Invasive Non-Native Species. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2017, 26 ( 8), 907- 917, 10.1111/geb.12599
Borgelt, J.; Sicacha-Parada, J.; Skarpaas, O.; Verones, F. Native Range Estimates for Red-Listed Vascular Plants. Sci. Data 2022, 9 ( 1), 117, 10.1038/s41597-022-01233-5
Blumenfeld, A. J.; Eyer, P.-A.; Husseneder, C.; Mo, J.; Johnson, L. N. L.; Wang, C.; Kenneth Grace, J.; Chouvenc, T.; Wang, S.; Vargo, E. L. Bridgehead Effect and Multiple Introductions Shape the Global Invasion History of a Termite. Commun. Biol. 2021, 4 ( 1), 196, 10.1038/s42003-021-01725-x
Bertelsmeier, C.; Ollier, S. Bridgehead Effects Distort Global Flows of Alien Species. Divers. Distrib. 2021, 27 ( 11), 2180- 2189, 10.1111/ddi.13388
Bates, D.; Mächler, M.; Bolker, B.; Walker, S. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 2015, 67 ( 1). 10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria. https://www.r-project.org/.
RStudio Team RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio: PBC, Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/.
Zuur, A. F.; Ieno, E. N.; Walker, N.; Saveliev, A. A.; Smith, G. M. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R; Statistics for Biology and Health; Springer New York: New York, NY, 2009. 10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6.
Dormann, C. F.; Elith, J.; Bacher, S.; Buchmann, C.; Carl, G.; Carré, G.; Marquéz, J. R. G.; Gruber, B.; Lafourcade, B.; Leitão, P. J.; Münkemüller, T.; McClean, C.; Osborne, P. E.; Reineking, B.; Schröder, B.; Skidmore, A. K.; Zurell, D.; Lautenbach, S. Collinearity: A Review of Methods to Deal with It and a Simulation Study Evaluating Their Performance. Ecography (Cop.). 2013, 36 ( 1), 27- 46, 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x
Verones, F.; Bare, J.; Bulle, C.; Frischknecht, R.; Hauschild, M.; Hellweg, S.; Henderson, A.; Jolliet, O.; Laurent, A.; Liao, X.; Lindner, J. P.; Maia de Souza, D.; Michelsen, O.; Patouillard, L.; Pfister, S.; Posthuma, L.; Prado, V.; Ridoutt, B.; Rosenbaum, R. K.; Sala, S.; Ugaya, C.; Vieira, M.; Fantke, P. LCIA Framework and Cross-Cutting Issues Guidance within the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. J. Clean. Prod. 2017, 161, 957- 967, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.206
Dorber, M.; Mattson, K. R.; Sandlund, O. T.; May, R.; Verones, F. Quantifying Net Water Consumption of Norwegian Hydropower Reservoirs and Related Aquatic Biodiversity Impacts in Life Cycle Assessment. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2019, 76 ( 7491), 36- 46, 10.1016/j.eiar.2018.12.002
Chamberlain, S. Rredlist: “IUCN” Red List Client. R Package Version 0.7.0. 2020. https://cran.r-project.org/package=rredlist.
Borgelt, J.; Dorber, M.; Ho̷iberg, M. A.; Verones, F. More than Half of Data Deficient Species Predicted to Be Threatened by Extinction. Commun. Biol. 2022, 5 ( 1), 679, 10.1038/s42003-022-03638-9
Bachman, S. P.; Field, R.; Reader, T.; Raimondo, D.; Donaldson, J.; Schatz, G. E.; Lughadha, E. N. Progress, Challenges and Opportunities for Red Listing. Biol. Conserv. 2019, 234 ( February), 45- 55, 10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.002
Cade, B. S.; Noon, B. R. A Gentle Introduction to Quantile Regression for Ecologists. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2003, 1 ( 8), 412- 420, 10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0412:AGITQR]2.0.CO;2
Iwasaki, Y.; Ormerod, S. J. Estimating Safe Concentrations of Trace Metals from Inter-Continental Field Data on River Macroinvertebrates. Environ. Pollut. 2012, 166, 182- 186, 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.028
van Goethem, T. M. W. J.; Huijbregts, M. A. J.; Wamelink, G. W. W.; Schipper, A. M. How to Assess Species Richness along Single Environmental Gradients? Implications of Potential versus Realized Species Distributions. Environ. Pollut. 2015, 200, 120- 125, 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.017
Hilbers, J. P.; Hoondert, R. P. J.; Schipper, A. M.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. Using Field Data to Quantify Chemical Impacts on Wildlife Population Viability. Ecol. Appl. 2018, 28 ( 3), 771- 785, 10.1002/eap.1685
Koenker, R. Quantreg: Quantile Regression. R Package Version 5.88.; 2022. https://cran.r-project.org/package=quantreg.
Wernet, G.; Bauer, C.; Steubing, B.; Reinhard, J.; Moreno-Ruiz, E.; Weidema, B. The Ecoinvent Database Version 3 (Part I): Overview and Methodology. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2016, 21 ( 9), 1218- 1230, 10.1007/s11367-016-1087-8
Verones, F.; Hellweg, S.; Antón, A.; Azevedo, L. B.; Chaudhary, A.; Cosme, N.; Cucurachi, S.; Baan, L.; Dong, Y.; Fantke, P.; Golsteijn, L.; Hauschild, M.; Heijungs, R.; Jolliet, O.; Juraske, R.; Larsen, H.; Laurent, A.; Mutel, C. L.; Margni, M.; Núñez, M.; Owsianiak, M.; Pfister, S.; Ponsioen, T.; Preiss, P.; Rosenbaum, R. K.; Roy, P.; Sala, S.; Steinmann, Z.; Zelm, R.; Van Dingenen, R.; Vieira, M.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. LC-IMPACT: A Regionalized Life Cycle Damage Assessment Method. J. Ind. Ecol. 2020, 24 ( 6), 1201- 1219, 10.1111/jiec.13018
Nakagawa, S.; Johnson, P. C. D.; Schielzeth, H. The Coefficient of Determination R 2 and Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient from Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Models Revisited and Expanded. J. R. Soc. Interface 2017, 14 ( 134), 20170213, 10.1098/rsif.2017.0213
Barton, K. MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R Package Version 1.46.0. Https://CRAN.R-Project.Org/Package=MuMIn. 2022.
Biancolini, D.; Vascellari, V.; Melone, B.; Blackburn, T. M.; Cassey, P.; Scrivens, S. L.; Rondinini, C. DAMA: The Global Distribution of Alien Mammals Database. Ecology 2021, 102 ( 11), e03474 10.1002/ecy.3474
Dyer, E. E.; Redding, D. W.; Blackburn, T. M. The Global Avian Invasions Atlas, a Database of Alien Bird Distributions Worldwide. Sci. Data 2017, 4 ( 1), 1- 12, 10.1038/sdata.2017.41
Seebens, H.; Essl, F.; Dawson, W.; Fuentes, N.; Moser, D.; Pergl, J.; Pyšek, P.; van Kleunen, M.; Weber, E.; Winter, M.; Blasius, B. Global Trade Will Accelerate Plant Invasions in Emerging Economies under Climate Change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2015, 21 ( 11), 4128- 4140, 10.1111/gcb.13021
Lockwood, J. L.; Welbourne, D. J.; Romagosa, C. M.; Cassey, P.; Mandrak, N. E.; Strecker, A.; Leung, B.; Stringham, O. C.; Udell, B.; Episcopio-Sturgeon, D. J.; Tlusty, M. F.; Sinclair, J.; Springborn, M. R.; Pienaar, E. F.; Rhyne, A. L.; Keller, R. When Pets Become Pests: The Role of the Exotic Pet Trade in Producing Invasive Vertebrate Animals. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2019, 17 ( 6), 323- 330, 10.1002/fee.2059
Ollier, S.; Bertelsmeier, C. Precise Knowledge of Commodity Trade Is Needed to Understand Invasion Flows. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2022, 20 ( 8), 467- 473, 10.1002/fee.2509
Seebens, H.; Essl, F.; Blasius, B. The Intermediate Distance Hypothesis of Biological Invasions. Ecol. Lett. 2017, 20 ( 2), 158- 165, 10.1111/ele.12715
Wu, Y.; Trepanowski, N. F.; Molongoski, J. J.; Reagel, P. F.; Lingafelter, S. W.; Nadel, H.; Myers, S. W.; Ray, A. M. Identification of Wood-Boring Beetles (Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) Intercepted in Trade-Associated Solid Wood Packaging Material Using DNA Barcoding and Morphology. Sci. Reports 2017, 7 ( 1), 1- 12, 10.1038/srep40316
Lucardi, R. D.; Bellis, E. S.; Cunard, C. E.; Gravesande, J. K.; Hughes, S. C.; Whitehurst, L. E.; Worthy, S. J.; Burgess, K. S.; Marsico, T. D. Seeds Attached to Refrigerated Shipping Containers Represent a Substantial Risk of Nonnative Plant Species Introduction and Establishment. Sci. Reports 2020, 10 ( 1), 1- 10, 10.1038/s41598-020-71954-3
Minchin, D.; Gollasch, S.; Cohen, A. N.; Hewitt, C. L.; Olenin, S. Characterizing Vectors of Marine Invasion. In Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems; 2009; pp 109- 116.
Seebens, H.; Gastner, M. T.; Blasius, B. The Risk of Marine Bioinvasion Caused by Global Shipping. Ecol. Lett. 2013, 16 ( 6), 782- 790, 10.1111/ele.12111
Amano, T.; Lamming, J. D. L.; Sutherland, W. J. Spatial Gaps in Global Biodiversity Information and the Role of Citizen Science. Bioscience 2016, 66 ( 5), 393- 400, 10.1093/biosci/biw022
Meyer, C.; Weigelt, P.; Kreft, H. Multidimensional Biases, Gaps and Uncertainties in Global Plant Occurrence Information. Ecol. Lett. 2016, 19 ( 8), 992- 1006, 10.1111/ele.12624
Hughes, A. C.; Orr, M. C.; Ma, K.; Costello, M. J.; Waller, J.; Provoost, P.; Yang, Q.; Zhu, C.; Qiao, H. Sampling Biases Shape Our View of the Natural World. Ecography (Cop.). 2021, 44 ( 9), 1259- 1269, 10.1111/ecog.05926
Essl, F.; Dullinger, S.; Rabitsch, W.; Hulme, P. E.; Hülber, K.; Jarošík, V.; Kleinbauer, I.; Krausmann, F.; Kühn, I.; Nentwig, W.; Vilà, M.; Genovesi, P.; Gherardi, F.; Desprez-Loustau, M.-L.; Roques, A.; Pyšek, P. Socioeconomic Legacy Yields an Invasion Debt. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108 ( 1), 203- 207, 10.1073/pnas.1011728108
Richardson, D. M.; Pysek, P.; Rejmanek, M.; Barbour, M. G.; Panetta, F. D.; West, C. J. Naturalization and Invasion of Alien Plants: Concepts and Definitions. Divers. Distrib. 2000, 6 ( 2), 93- 107, 10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x
Walther, G.-R.; Roques, A.; Hulme, P. E.; Sykes, M. T.; Pyšek, P.; Kühn, I.; Zobel, M.; Bacher, S.; Botta-Dukát, Z.; Bugmann, H. Alien Species in a Warmer World: Risks and Opportunities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2009, 24 ( 12), 686- 693, 10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.008
Lembrechts, J. J.; Pauchard, A.; Lenoir, J.; Nuñez, M. A.; Geron, C.; Ven, A.; Bravo-Monasterio, P.; Teneb, E.; Nijs, I.; Milbau, A. Disturbance Is the Key to Plant Invasions in Cold Environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2016, 113 ( 49), 14061- 14066, 10.1073/pnas.1608980113
Mair, L.; Ruete, A. Explaining Spatial Variation in the Recording Effort of Citizen Science Data across Multiple Taxa. PLoS One 2016, 11 ( 1), 1- 13, 10.1371/journal.pone.0147796
Troudet, J.; Grandcolas, P.; Blin, A.; Vignes-Lebbe, R.; Legendre, F. Taxonomic Bias in Biodiversity Data and Societal Preferences. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7 ( 1), 1- 14, 10.1038/s41598-017-09084-6
Kelling, S.; Hochachka, W. M.; Fink, D.; Riedewald, M.; Caruana, R.; Ballard, G.; Hooker, G. Data-Intensive Science: A New Paradigm for Biodiversity Studies. Bioscience 2009, 59 ( 7), 613- 620, 10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.12
Kumschick, S.; Gaertner, M.; Vila, M.; Essl, F.; Jeschke, J. M.; Pysek, P.; Ricciardi, A.; Bacher, S.; Blackburn, T. M.; Dick, J. T. A.; Evans, T.; Hulme, P. E.; Kühn, I.; Mrugala, A.; Pergl, J.; Rabitsch, W.; Richardson, D. M.; Sendek, A.; Winter, M. Ecological Impacts of Alien Species: Quantification, Scope, Caveats, and Recommendations. Bioscience 2015, 65 ( 1), 55- 63, 10.1093/biosci/biu193
Praleskouskaya, S.; Venanzoni, R. Effects of Invasive Alien Species on Riparian Vegetation over a 20-Year Time-Lapse: A Case Study from the Tiber River in Central Italy. Biodiversity 2021, 22 ( 1-2), 67- 81, 10.1080/14888386.2021.1940277
Roy, H. E.; Adriaens, T.; Isaac, N. J. B.; Kenis, M.; Onkelinx, T.; Martin, G. S.; Brown, P. M. J.; Hautier, L.; Poland, R.; Roy, D. B.; Comont, R.; Eschen, R.; Frost, R.; Zindel, R.; Van Vlaenderen, J.; Nedvěd, O.; Ravn, H. P.; Grégoire, J. C.; de Biseau, J. C.; Maes, D. Invasive Alien Predator Causes Rapid Declines of Native European Ladybirds. Divers. Distrib. 2012, 18 ( 7), 717- 725, 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00883.x
Scheele, B. C.; Pasmans, F.; Skerratt, L. F.; Berger, L.; Martel, A.; Beukema, W.; Acevedo, A. A.; Burrowes, P. A.; Carvalho, T.; Catenazzi, A.; De La Riva, I.; Fisher, M. C.; Flechas, S. V.; Foster, C. N.; Frías-Álvarez, P.; Garner, T. W. J.; Gratwicke, B.; Guayasamin, J. M.; Hirschfeld, M.; Kolby, J. E.; Kosch, T. A.; Marca, E. La; Lindenmayer, D. B.; Lips, K. R.; Longo, A. V.; Maneyro, R.; McDonald, C. A.; Mendelson, J.; Palacios-Rodriguez, P.; Parra-Olea, G.; Richards-Zawacki, C. L.; Rödel, M. O.; Rovito, S. M.; Soto-Azat, C.; Toledo, L. F.; Voyles, J.; Weldon, C.; Whitfield, S. M.; Wilkinson, M.; Zamudio, K. R.; Canessa, S. Amphibian Fungal Panzootic Causes Catastrophic and Ongoing Loss of Biodiversity. Science (80-.) 2019, 363 ( 6434), 1459- 1463, 10.1126/SCIENCE.AAV0379/SUPPL_FILE/AAV0379_SCHEELE_SM.PDF
Schirmel, J.; Bundschuh, M.; Entling, M. H.; Kowarik, I.; Buchholz, S. Impacts of Invasive Plants on Resident Animals across Ecosystems, Taxa, and Feeding Types: A Global Assessment. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2016, 22 ( 2), 594- 603, 10.1111/gcb.13093
Fletcher, R. A.; Brooks, R. K.; Lakoba, V. T.; Sharma, G.; Heminger, A. R.; Dickinson, C. C.; Barney, J. N. Invasive Plants Negatively Impact Native, but Not Exotic. Animals. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2019, 25 ( 11), 3694- 3705, 10.1111/gcb.14752
Powell, K. I.; Chase, J. M.; Knight, T. M. Science (80-.) 2013, 339 ( 6117), 316- 318, 10.1126/science.1226817
Dickey, J. W. E.; Cuthbert, R. N.; South, J.; Britton, J. R.; Caffrey, J.; Chang, X.; Crane, K.; Coughlan, N. E.; Fadaei, E.; Farnsworth, K. D.; Ismar-Rebitz, S. M. H.; Joyce, P. W. S.; Julius, M.; Laverty, C.; Lucy, F. E.; MacIsaac, H. J.; McCard, M.; McGlade, C. L. O.; Reid, N.; Ricciardi, A.; Wasserman, R. J.; Weyl, O. L. F.; Dick, J. T. A. On the RIP: Using Relative Impact Potential to Assess the Ecological Impacts of Invasive Alien Species. NeoBiota 2020, 55, 27- 60, 10.3897/neobiota.55.49547
Seebens, H.; Clarke, D. A.; Groom, Q.; Wilson, J. R. U.; García-Berthou, E.; Kühn, I.; Roigé, M.; Pagad, S.; Essl, F.; Vicente, J.; Winter, M.; McGeoch, M. A Workflow for Standardising and Integrating Alien Species Distribution Data. NeoBiota 2020, 59, 39- 59, 10.3897/neobiota.59.53578
Bjo̷rn, A.; Owsianiak, M.; Molin, C.; Laurent, A. Life Cycle Assess. Theory Pract. 2017, 9- 16, 10.1007/978-3-319-56475-3_2/FIGURES/1
Damiani, M.; Sinkko, T.; Caldeira, C.; Tosches, D.; Robuchon, M.; Sala, S. Critical Review of Methods and Models for Biodiversity Impact Assessment and Their Applicability in the LCA Context. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2023, 101, 107134 10.1016/j.eiar.2023.107134
Jeschke, J. M.; Bacher, S.; Blackburn, T. M.; Dick, J. T. A.; Essl, F.; Evans, T.; Gaertner, M.; Hulme, P. E.; Kühn, I.; Mrugała, A.; Pergl, J.; Pyšek, P.; Rabitsch, W.; Ricciardi, A.; Richardson, D. M.; Sendek, A.; Vilà, M.; Winter, M.; Kumschick, S. Defining the Impact of Non-Native Species. Conserv. Biol. 2014, 28 ( 5), 1188- 1194, 10.1111/cobi.12299
Gleditsch, J. M.; Carlo, T. A. Fruit Quantity of Invasive Shrubs Predicts the Abundance of Common Native Avian Frugivores in Central Pennsylvania. Divers. Distrib. 2011, 17 ( 2), 244- 253, 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00733.x
Mollot, G.; Pantel, J. H.; Romanuk, T. N. The Effects of Invasive Species on the Decline in Species Richness. In Advances in Ecological Research; Elsevier Ltd., 2017; Vol. 56, pp 61- 83. 10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.002.
Winter, M.; Schweiger, O.; Klotz, S.; Nentwig, W.; Andriopoulos, P.; Arianoutsou, M.; Basnou, C.; Delipetrou, P.; Didžiulis, V.; Hejda, M.; Hulme, P. E.; Lambdon, P. W.; Pergl, J.; Pyšek, P.; Roy, D. B.; Kühn, I. Plant Extinctions and Introductions Lead to Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Homogenization of the European Flora. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106 ( 51), 21721- 21725, 10.1073/pnas.0907088106
Perrings, C.; Dehnen-Schmutz, K.; Touza, J.; Williamson, M. How to Manage Biological Invasions under Globalization. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2005, 20 ( 5), 212- 215, 10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.011