Physico-chemical properties and microstructure of bentonite in highly alkaline environments

compressive strength; gel (C-S-H); hydration; smectite; sodalite; Alkaline environment; Cementitious materials; Chemical microstructure; Gel (C-S-H); MgO; Physicochemical property; Properties and microstructures; Smectites; Sodalite; X- ray diffractions; Water Science and Technology; Soil Science; Geochemistry and Petrology; Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)

Abstract :

[en] Cementitious materials and their alkaline pore fluids can change the structure of bentonite used as a raw material for road embankments or concrete storage of garbage cans. This study investigated the alteration of montmorillonite-rich bentonite from northeast Morocco (Trebia deposit, Nador) in alkaline media rich in Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, or K+. Specimens based on raw bentonite mixed with variable proportions of oxides (CaO, MgO) or hydroxides (NaOH, KOH) and water were prepared and aged for 28 days. Mineralogical composition by X-ray diffraction (XRD) was determined on raw bentonite and specimens to follow phase changes. Chemical composition and thermal characteristics were determined for raw bentonite and specimens by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). Microstructural evolution and alteration of the external surface of bentonite were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) analysis. XRD results of bentonite-CaO mixture demonstrated the formation of gels (e.g. C-S-H) and calcite. When the amount of CaO added increased, excess portlandite and the precipitation of calcite in the outer surface of bentonite occurred, stopping pozzolanic reaction and consequently decreasing the compressive strength of specimens. On the other hand, the addition of MgO allowed the formation of brucite. Sodalite and cancrinite were neoformed with the addition of 32 wt.% NaOH after 28 days of hydration. The addition of hydroxides (NaOH or KOH) to bentonite did not reveal any setting due to the absence of the formation of cementitious phases.

Research Center/Unit :

Geology - ULiège

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Harrou, Achraf ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Geology ; Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment Team of Mineral Solid Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco

Lechheb, Mahdi ; Materials Sciences for Energy and Sustainable Development Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco

El Ouahabi, Meriam ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires

Fagel, Nathalie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires

Gharibi, Elkhadir ; Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment Team of Mineral Solid Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco

Language :

English

Title :

Physico-chemical properties and microstructure of bentonite in highly alkaline environments

Publication date :

2024

Journal title :

Clays and Clay Minerals

ISSN :

0009-8604

Publisher :

Cambridge University Press

Volume :

Peer reviewed :

Peer reviewed

Additional URL :

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0009860424000272

Funding text :

The authors would like to thank the Physical Measurements Platform of the Chemistry Department of Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University Oujda (Morocco). We are grateful to the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research for ICP-MS analysis.

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since 20 June 2025

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