Astrophysical disks; Early solar system; Exoplanets; Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract :
[en] The water molecule is a key ingredient in the formation of planetary systems, with the water snowline being a favourable location for the growth of massive planetary cores. Here we present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array data of the ringed protoplanetary disk orbiting the young star HL Tauri that show centrally peaked, bright emission arising from three distinct transitions of the main water isotopologue ( H216O ). The spatially and spectrally resolved water content probes gas in a thermal range down to the water sublimation temperature. Our analysis implies a stringent lower limit of 3.7 Earth oceans of water vapour available within the inner 17 astronomical units of the system. We show that our observations are limited to probing the water content in the atmosphere of the disk, due to the high dust column density and absorption, and indicate that the main water isotopologue is the best tracer to spatially resolve water vapour in protoplanetary disks.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Facchini, Stefano ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
Testi, Leonardo; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Augusto Righi', Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Humphreys, Elizabeth; European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany ; Joint ALMA Observatory, Santiago, Chile ; European Southern Observatory (ESO) Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
Vander Donckt, Mathieu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Isella, Andrea ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
Wrzosek, Ramon ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX USA
Baudry, Alain ; Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. de Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac, France
Gray, Malcom D ; National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiangmai, Thailand
Richards, Anita M S ; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Vlemmings, Wouter ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
Language :
English
Title :
Resolved ALMA observations of water in the inner astronomical units of the HL Tau disk.
This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.01178.S, ADS/JAO.ALMA#2022.1.00905.S. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (representing its member states), the National Science Foundation (USA) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (Japan), together with the National Research Council (Canada), the Ministry of Science and Technology and Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (Taiwan), and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by the European Southern Observatory, Associated Universities Inc./National Radio Astronomy Observatory and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. S.F. is funded by the European Union (European Research Council (ERC), UNVEIL, 101076613). Views and opinions expressed, however, are those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the ERC. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. S.F. acknowledges financial contribution from PRIN-MUR POPS 2022YP5ACE. L.T. acknowledges funding from Progetti Premiali 2012 iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001), Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) ref no. 325594231 FOR 2634/1 TE 1024/1-1, European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant no. 823823 (DUSTBUSTERS) and the ERC via the ERC Synergy Grant ECOGAL (grant no. 855130). M.V.D. acknowledges support from Wallonie\u2013Bruxelles International (Belgium) through its grant \u2018Stage en Organisation Internationale\u2019 and the French-speaking Community of Belgium through its FRIA grant.
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