[en] Both carbon dioxide uptake and albedo of the land surface affect global climate. However, climate change mitigation by increasing carbon uptake can cause a warming trade-off by decreasing albedo, with most research focusing on afforestation and its interaction with snow. Here, we present carbon uptake and albedo observations from 176 globally distributed flux stations. We demonstrate a gradual decline in maximum achievable annual albedo as carbon uptake increases, even within subgroups of non-forest and snow-free ecosystems. Based on a paired-site permutation approach, we quantify the likely impact of land use on carbon uptake and albedo. Shifting to the maximum attainable carbon uptake at each site would likely cause moderate net global warming for the first approximately 20 years, followed by a strong cooling effect. A balanced policy co-optimizing carbon uptake and albedo is possible that avoids warming on any timescale, but results in a weaker long-term cooling effect.
Disciplines :
Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Graf, Alexander ; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Wohlfahrt, Georg ; Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ökologie, Innsbruck, Austria
Aranda-Barranco, Sergio ; Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), 18071 Granada, Spain ; Departament of Ecology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
Arriga, Nicola ; European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
Brümmer, Christian ; Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig, Germany
Ceschia, Eric ; CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRA/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France
Ciais, Philippe ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 France
Desai, Ankur R ; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
Di Lonardo, Sara ; Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems-National Research Council (IRET-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Gharun, Mana ; Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Grünwald, Thomas ; Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Dresden, Germany
Hörtnagl, Lukas ; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, Zürich, 8092 Switzerland
Kasak, Kuno ; Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Klosterhalfen, Anne ; Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Knohl, Alexander ; Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Kowalska, Natalia ; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic
Leuchner, Michael ; Physical Geography and Climatology, Institute of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Lindroth, Anders ; Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Mauder, Matthias; Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Dresden, Germany
Migliavacca, Mirco ; European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
Morel, Alexandra C; Division of Energy, Environment and Society, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
Pfennig, Andreas ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Department of Chemical Engineering
Poorter, Hendrik; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany ; Department of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109 Australia
Terán, Christian Poppe ; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Reitz, Oliver; Physical Geography and Climatology, Institute of Geography, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Rebmann, Corinna ; Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Sanchez-Azofeifa, Arturo; Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Edmonton, AB Canada
Schmidt, Marius ; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
Šigut, Ladislav ; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic
Tomelleri, Enrico ; Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
Yu, Ke ; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191 France
Varlagin, Andrej; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Leninsky pr.33, Moscow, Russia
Vereecken, Harry ; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
HGF - Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres FFG - Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft MICINN - Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion INSU - Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPS - Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement DOE - United States. Department of Energy SNF - Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft MSMT - Ministerstvo školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy České republiky RSF - Russian Science Foundation
Funding text :
We thank Talie Musavi, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany, for providing species information originally collected for Musavi, et al. , Manuel Acosta, CzechGlobe, Czech republic, for provision of the data of site CZ-Krp, and the ICOS research infrastructure for data provision. L.\u0160. and N.K. acknowledge support by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic within the CzeCOS program (grant number LM2018123) and SustES\u2014Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16019/0000797). In 2009 funding for the Australian sites was provided to the Australia Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) ( http://www.tern.org.au ) through the Australian government\u2019s National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), which provides support for many OzFlux sites along with other capabilities; an overview of all Australian sites is given in Beringer, et al. . Data acquisition for FR-Lam were mainly funded by the Institut National des Sciences de l\u2019Univers of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-INSU) through the ICOS and OSR SW observatories. Facilities and staff were also funded and supported by the University Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, the CNES and 732 IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00E9veloppement). We are grateful to CESBIO technical team for their technical support at the field and to Aurore BRUT for data processing. We extend special thanks to Ecole d\u2019Ing\u00E9nieur de Purpan for accommodating the measurement devices in the plot at FR-Lam. M.G. and L.H. acknowledge funding by the Swiss National Science Foundation project ICOS-CH Phase 3 20F120_198227. A.R.D. acknowledges support for US-WCr, Us-Syv, and US-Los from the U.S. Dept of Energy Ameriflux Network Management Project subaward to the ChEAS core site cluster. K.K. acknolwedges funding by Estonian Research Council (grants nr PSG631 and PSG714). G.W. acknowledges funding by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) within the frame of the AustroSIF project. A.Kl. and A.Kn. acknowledge funding by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the European Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS), by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (INST 186/1118-1 FUGG) and by the Ministry of Lower-Saxony for Science and Culture (DigitalForst: Nieders\u00E4chsisches Vorab (ZN 3679)). Data acquisition for ES-Cnd was supported by the projects PID2020-117825GB-C21, PID2020-117825GB-C22, B-RNM-60-UGR20, P18-RT-3629 and grant FPU19/01647 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, \u201CESF Investing in your future\u201D and FEDER/Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa. H.V. and A.G. acknowledge support from the Terrestrial Environmental Observatories, TERENO, funded by the Helmholtz\u2013Gemeinschaft, Germany and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft \u2013 SFB 1502/1\u20132022 - Projektnummer: 450058266. A.V. was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 21-14-00209). The Scientific colour maps hawaii and vik are used in Figs. and to prevent visual distortion of the data and exclusion of readers with colour-vision deficiencies. We thank three reviewers for suggesting important improvements to the study.
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