Carnot batteries; Dynamic model; Frequency regulation; Grid balancing; Heat pump; Pumped thermal Energy storage; Carnot battery; Dynamics models; Frequency regulations; Heat pumps; Power; Pumped thermal energy storage; Rotational inertia; Thermal energy storage; Vapour compressions; Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment; Energy Engineering and Power Technology; Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract :
[en] Carnot batteries, a combination of a power-to-heat, a thermal storage and a heat-to-power system, are an emerging storage technology that could provide a solution to the imbalance of intermittent renewable energy injection into the grid. However, which grid services this technology could deliver remains unclear due to a lack of detailed research on the system dynamics, which makes it difficult to predict, control and optimize its performance in actual operating conditions. As such, also the financial appraisal of the technology remains unclear. This work explores the potential of delivering grid balancing services during the charging phase of a Rankine-based Carnot battery. In this context, the electrical response of the vapor compression heat pump is of interest rather than the thermal response, as it is crucial for integration of the storage system in the electrical grid. Therefore, the dynamic behavior of a 1.5 MWe vapor compression heat pump is addressed. A control strategy driven by the requirements of the electrical grid was implemented and the effect of compressor rotational inertia was taken up into the modelling approach. The prequalification tests for grid balancing services in the central European grid were simulated using models neglecting and considering rotational inertia. While the rotational inertia can be considered negligible for thermodynamic performance predictions, which remain dominated by the thermal capacitances and refrigerant reservoirs in the closed loop, this work shows it is relevant to variable-speed heat pump applications for correct simulation of the electrical response. The heat pump can deliver a capacity of 750 kW for secondary and tertiary reserve in the upward and downward direction, both neglecting and considering rotational inertia. However, its potential to deliver a symmetric primary reserve capacity of 375 kW is identified only when the rotational inertia is included in the modelling. Grid balancing services during the charging phase can thus be additional revenue streams to increase the financial feasibility of Carnot batteries and it is therefore worthwhile to investigate their potential financial benefits.
Disciplines :
Energy
Author, co-author :
Tassenoy, Robin; Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Laterre, Antoine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Aérospatiale et Mécanique (A&M) ; Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering (iMMC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Lemort, Vincent ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'aérospatiale et mécanique > Thermodynamique appliquée
Contino, Francesco; Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering (iMMC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
De Paepe, Michel; Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ; FlandersMake@UGent – Core lab MIRO, Ghent, Belgium ; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
Lecompte, Steven; Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ; FlandersMake@UGent – Core lab MIRO, Ghent, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
Assessing the influence of compressor inertia on the dynamic performance of large-scale vapor compression heat pumps for Carnot batteries
The authors thank Joannes Laveyne for the interesting discussions on the functioning of the electrical energy system and grid balancing services. They also thank Yves Maenhout for his technical support, looking after the calculation server and software used. The second author acknowledges the support of Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS [ 40014566 FRIA-B1 ].
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