Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Heat Islands in Kisangani City Using MODIS Imagery: Exploring Interactions with Urban–Rural Gradient, Building Volume Density, and Vegetation Effects
Bwazani Balandi, Julien; Selemani, Trésor Mbavumoja; To Hulu, Jean-Pierre Pitchou Menikoet al.
urban heat island; land surface temperature; building volume density; urbanization gradient; Kisangani
Abstract :
[en] The urban heat island (UHI) effect has emerged in the literature as a major challenge to urban well-being, primarily driven by increasing urbanization. To address this challenge, this study investigates the spatiotemporal pattern of the UHI in the fast-growing city of Kisangani and within its urban–rural gradient from 2000 to 2024 using land surface temperature (LST) data from the MODIS 11A2 V6.1 product. Inferential and descriptive statistics were applied to examine the patterns of UHI and the relationships between the LST, building volume density (BVD), and vegetation density expressed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results showed that the spatial extent of the moderate UHI gradually increased from 16 km2 to 38 km2, while the high UHI increased from 9 km2 to 19 km2. Furthermore, although high UHI values (0.2 < UHI ≤ 0.3) are observed in urban areas and significant differences in UHI variations are detected across urban, peri-urban, and rural zones, the results indicate that the mean UHI in Kisangani’s urban areas remains below 0.2. Therefore, based on average UHI variations, Kisangani’s urban zones exhibit moderate disparities in LST compared to rural areas. Moreover, the LST variations significantly correlate with the building volume and vegetation densities. However, the influence of vegetation density as a predictor of LST gradually decreases while the influence of building volume density increases over time, suggesting the need to implement a synergistic development pathway to manage the interactions between urbanization, landscape change, and ecosystem service provision. This integrated approach may represent a crucial solution for mitigating the UHI effect in regions categorized as high-temperature zones.
Research Center/Unit :
TERRA Research Centre. Biodiversité et Paysage - ULiège
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Bwazani Balandi, Julien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre ; Ecole Régionale Postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires Tropicaux, Kinshasa P.O. Box 15373, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Selemani, Trésor Mbavumoja; Unité Biodiversité et Paysage, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
To Hulu, Jean-Pierre Pitchou Meniko; Institut Facultaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Yangambi, Kisangani P.O. Box 1232, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sambieni, Kouagou Raoul ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biodiversité, Ecosystème et Paysage (BEP) ; Ecole Régionale Postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires Tropicaux, Kinshasa P.O. Box 15373, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sikuzani, Yannick Useni ; Unité Ecologie, Restauration Ecologique et Paysage, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi P.O. Box 1825, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Bastin, Jean-François ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Biodiversité, Ecosystème et Paysage (BEP)
Wola, Prisca Tshomba; Ecole Régionale Postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires Tropicaux, Kinshasa P.O. Box 15373, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Molo, Jacques Elangilangi; Ecole Régionale Postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires Tropicaux, Kinshasa P.O. Box 15373, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Tiko, Joël Mobunda ; Ecole Régionale Postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion Intégrés des Forêts et Territoires Tropicaux, Kinshasa P.O. Box 15373, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Agassounon, Bill Mahougnon ; Unité Biodiversité et Paysage, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium ; Laboratoire d’Ecologie, de Botanique et de Biologie Végétale (LEB), Université de Parakou, Parakou 03 BP125, Benin
Bogaert, Jan ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département GxABT > Biodiversité, Ecosystème et Paysage (BEP)
Language :
English
Title :
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Heat Islands in Kisangani City Using MODIS Imagery: Exploring Interactions with Urban–Rural Gradient, Building Volume Density, and Vegetation Effects
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