Global and Planetary Change; Stratigraphy; Paleontology
Abstract :
[en] The Devonian is a warmer-than-present geological period spanning from 419 to 359 million years ago (Ma) characterized by multiple identified ocean anoxic/hypoxic events. Despite decades of extensive investigation, no consensus has been reached regarding the drivers of these anoxic events. While growing geological evidence has demonstrated a temporal correlation between astronomical forcing and anoxia during this period, underlying physical mechanisms remain unknown, hence questioning causality. Here, we perform multiple sensitivity experiments, using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity (cGENIE), to isolate the influences of specific Devonian climate and palaeogeography components on ocean oxygen levels, contributing to the better understanding of the intricate interplay of factors preconditioning the ocean to anoxia. We quantify the impact of continental configuration, ocean–atmosphere biogeochemistry (global mean oceanic PO4 concentration and atmospheric pO2), climatic forcing (pCO2), and astronomical forcing on background oceanic circulation and oxygenation during the Devonian. Our results indicate that continental configuration is crucial for Devonian ocean anoxia, significantly influencing ocean circulation and oxygen levels while consistently modulating the effects of other Devonian climate components such as oceanic PO4 concentration, atmospheric pO2 and pCO2, and orbital forcing. The evolution of continental configuration provides a plausible explanation for the increased frequency of ocean anoxic events identified during the Middle and Late Devonian periods, as it contributed to the expansion of oxygen-depleted zones. Our simulations also show that both the decreased atmospheric pO2 and increased oceanic PO4 concentration exacerbate ocean anoxia, consistent with established knowledge. The variation of pCO2 reveals a wide range of ocean dynamics patterns, including stable oscillations, multiple convection cells, multistability, and hysteresis, all leading to significant variations of the ocean oxygen levels and therefore strongly impacting the preconditioning of the ocean to anoxia. Furthermore, multistability and important hysteresis (particularly slow ocean time response) offer different mechanisms to account for the prolonged duration of some ocean anoxic events. Finally, we found that astronomical forcing substantially impacts ocean anoxia by altering ocean circulation and oxygen solubility, with obliquity consistently emerging as the primary orbital parameter driving ocean oxygen variations.
Disciplines :
Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Gérard, Justin ; Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Sablon, Loïc ; Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Huygh, Jarno ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Geology
Pohl, Alexandre ; Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
Vérard, Christian ; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Crucifix, Michel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires ; Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
Exploring the mechanisms of Devonian oceanic anoxia: impact of ocean dynamics, palaeogeography, and orbital forcing
F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ANR - Agence Nationale de la Recherche INSU - Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers Leverhulme Trust
Funding text :
This research is funded by the Belgian National Fund of Scientific Research (FNRS), project WarmAnoxia, PDR grant no. T.0037.22. Anne-Christine Da Silva was supported by FNRS CDR grant no. J.0037.21. Alexandre Pohl was supported by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) under references ANR-22-CE01-0003 (project ECO-BOOST) and ANR-23-CE01-0003 (project CYCLO-SED) and the programme TelluS of the Institut National des Sciences de l\u2019Univers, CNRS (project ROSETTA).Computational resources have been provided by the supercomputing facilities of the UCLouvain (CIS-M/UCL) and the Consortium des \u00C9quipements de Calcul Intensif en F\u00E9d\u00E9ration Wallonie Bruxelles (C\u00C9CI). We are grateful to the editor and reviewers for constructive comments during the editing process. This research is funded by the Belgian National Fund of Scientific Research (FNRS), project WarmAnoxia, PDR grant no. T.0037.22. Anne-Christine Da Silva was supported by FNRS CDR grant no. J.0037.21. Alexandre Pohl was supported by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) under references ANR-22-CE01-0003 (project ECO-BOOST) and ANR-23-CE01-0003 (project CYCLO-SED) and the programme TelluS of the Institut National des Sciences de l\u2019Univers, CNRS (project ROSETTA).
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