dark extinctions; extinction risk; extirpations; oceanic islands; plant biological traits; socioeconomic change; Animals; Conservation of Natural Resources; Anthropogenic Effects; Humans; Islands; Plants; Biodiversity; Extinction, Biological; Global and Planetary Change; Environmental Chemistry; Ecology; Environmental Science (all)
Abstract :
[en] Whether species extinctions have accelerated during the Anthropocene and the extent to which certain species are more susceptible to extinction due to their ecological preferences and intrinsic biological traits are among the most pressing questions in conservation biology. Assessing extinction rates is, however, challenging, as best exemplified by the phenomenon of 'dark extinctions': the loss of species that disappear before they are even formally described. These issues are particularly problematic in oceanic islands, where species exhibit high rates of endemism and unique biological traits but are also among the most vulnerable to extinction. Here, we document plant species extinctions since Linnaeus' Species Plantarum in Macaronesia, a biogeographic region comprised of five hyperdiverse oceanic archipelagos, and identify the key drivers behind these extinctions. We compiled 168 records covering 126 taxa, identifying 13 global and 155 local extinction events. Significantly higher extinction rates were observed compared to the expected global background rate. We uncovered differentiated extinction patterns along altitudinal gradients, highlighting a recent coastal hotspot linked to socioeconomic changes in Macaronesian archipelagos from the 1960s onwards. Key factors influencing extinction patterns include island age, elevation, introduced herbivorous mammals, and human population size. Trait-based analyses across the floras of the Azores and Canary Islands revealed that endemicity, pollination by vertebrates, nitrogen-fixing capacity, woodiness, and zoochory consistently tended to increase extinction risk. Our findings emphasize the critical role of geography and biological traits, alongside anthropogenic impacts, in shaping extinction dynamics on oceanic islands. Enhancing our knowledge of life-history traits within island floras is crucial for accurately predicting and mitigating future extinction risks, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive biodiversity assessments in island ecosystems.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Orihuela-Rivero, Raúl ; Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain ; Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Morente-López, Javier ; Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain ; Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Reyes-Betancort, J Alfredo ; Jardín de Aclimatación de La Orotava, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Puerto de La Cruz, Tenerife, Spain
Schaefer, Hanno ; Department of Life Science Systems, Plant Biodiversity Research, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
Valido, Alfredo ; Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Menezes de Sequeira, Miguel ; Madeira Botanical Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, Campus Universitário da Penteada, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ; CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
Romeiras, María M ; LEAF, Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food & Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidadede Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal ; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Portugal
Góis-Marques, Carlos A ; Madeira Botanical Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, Campus Universitário da Penteada, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ; CIBIO, Centro de Investigação Em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal ; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal ; Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Laboratório Associado, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
Salas-Pascual, Marcos ; Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, Tafira Baja, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Islas Canarias, Spain
Vanderpoorten, Alain ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution > Biologie de l'évolution et de la conservation - Unité aCREA-Ulg (Conseils et Recherches en Ecologie Appliquée)
Fernández-Palacios, José María ; Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Patiño, Jairo ; Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain ; Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Language :
English
Title :
Geographic and Biological Drivers Shape Anthropogenic Extinctions in the Macaronesian Vascular Flora.
Fundación CajaCanarias FBBVA - Fundación BBVA MICINN - Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
Funding text :
Funding: This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) project (ASTERALIEN-PID2019-110538GA-I00 and DecodAdapt-PID2023-147122NB- I00), the Fundaci\u00F3n BBVA project (INVASION-PR19_ECO_0046), and the Ministerio para la Transici\u00F3n Ecol\u00F3gica y el Reto Demogr\u00E1fico (JUNIPERADAPT, 2941/2022). R.O.-R. was supported by the University Teacher Training (FPU) program (FPU21/02585) funded by the Ministry of Universities and J.P. by the MICINN through the Ram\u00F3n y Cajal Program (RYC-2016-20506). J.M.-L. was funded by a Juan de la Cierva-Formaci\u00F3n Fellowship (MICIIN; reference FJC2020-046353-I). A.V. research was supported by the Fundaci\u00F3n Cajacanarias/La Caixa project (2022CLISA29). This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) project (ASTERALIEN-PID2019-110538GA-I00 and DecodAdapt-PID2023-147122NB- I00), the Fundaci\u00F3n BBVA project (INVASION-PR19_ECO_0046), and the Ministerio para la Transici\u00F3n Ecol\u00F3gica y el Reto Demogr\u00E1fico (JUNIPERADAPT, 2941/2022). R.O.-R. was supported by the University Teacher Training (FPU) program (FPU21/02585) funded by the Ministry of Universities and JP by the MICINN through the Ram\u00F3n y Cajal Program (RYC-2016-20506). J.M.-L. was funded by a Juan de la Cierva-Formaci\u00F3n Fellowship (MICIIN; reference FJC2020-046353-I). A.V. research was supported by the Fundaci\u00F3n CajaCanarias/La Caixa project (2022CLISA29). We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). We also want to thank the two anonymous reviewers and editor for their constructive comments and suggestions.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) project (ASTERALIEN\u2010PID2019\u2010110538GA\u2010I00 and DecodAdapt\u2010PID2023\u2010147122NB\u2010 I00), the Fundaci\u00F3n BBVA project (INVASION\u2010PR19_ECO_0046), and the Ministerio para la Transici\u00F3n Ecol\u00F3gica y el Reto Demogr\u00E1fico (JUNIPERADAPT, 2941/2022). R.O.\u2010R. was supported by the University Teacher Training (FPU) program (FPU21/02585) funded by the Ministry of Universities and JP by the MICINN through the Ram\u00F3n y Cajal Program (RYC\u20102016\u201020506). J.M.\u2010L. was funded by a Juan de la Cierva\u2010Formaci\u00F3n Fellowship (MICIIN; reference FJC2020\u2010046353\u2010I). A.V. research was supported by the Fundaci\u00F3n CajaCanarias/La Caixa project (2022CLISA29). We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). We also want to thank the two anonymous reviewers and editor for their constructive comments and suggestions.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) project (ASTERALIEN\u2010PID2019\u2010110538GA\u2010I00 and DecodAdapt\u2010PID2023\u2010147122NB\u2010 I00), the Fundaci\u00F3n BBVA project (INVASION\u2010PR19_ECO_0046), and the Ministerio para la Transici\u00F3n Ecol\u00F3gica y el Reto Demogr\u00E1fico (JUNIPERADAPT, 2941/2022). R.O.\u2010R. was supported by the University Teacher Training (FPU) program (FPU21/02585) funded by the Ministry of Universities and J.P. by the MICINN through the Ram\u00F3n y Cajal Program (RYC\u20102016\u201020506). J.M.\u2010L. was funded by a Juan de la Cierva\u2010Formaci\u00F3n Fellowship (MICIIN; reference FJC2020\u2010046353\u2010I). A.V. research was supported by the Fundaci\u00F3n Cajacanarias/La Caixa project (2022CLISA29). Funding:
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