Climate change; Climate-smart agriculture; Congo Basin; DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo); Farmers' perceptions; Yangambi; Global and Planetary Change; Geography, Planning and Development; Development; Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Abstract :
[en] Purpose: This paper aims to produce a framework for climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in the Yangambi landscape, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This would enable the authors to identify agricultural practices, assess vulnerability to climate change, identify options for improving agricultural systems from a climate change mitigation and adaptation perspective and finally provide climate-smart agricultural options. Design/methodology/approach: The study used household survey methods of data collection. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire survey by interviewing 250 farm households, subdivided using three axes of the Yangambi landscape. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine relationships between two or more variables. Findings: Results of the survey revealed that the vast majority (98%) of respondents perceived changes in temperature, rainfall and weather patterns. Reduction of crop yields and the emergence of new weed species and new crop pests are the main impacts on agricultural activities. Although 87.6% of respondents have no means of adaptation and resilience, some of them use crops rotation, fallow practice, fertilizers and bio-pesticides. A framework for CSA is proposed for the Yangambi landscape. Practical implications: Policies and strategies to promote CSA in the study area should take into account local farmers' perceptions of climate change and consider first the adequacy of CSA practices for the specific conditions of the target area before its promotion. This study is thus useful for many REDD+ initiatives that are currently being promoted in DRC and particularly in the Tshopo Province. Originality/value: This study is one of the first studies to focus on CSA in the Yangambi landscape, DRC. It assists the use of agriculture as a response to reducing deforestation while at the same time lowering agriculture’s carbon footprint and promoting a resilient and more productive farming system.
Disciplines :
Environmental sciences & ecology
Author, co-author :
Mangaza Nondo, Lisette ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre ; UNIGOM - University of Goma > Faculty of Sciences and Technologies
Sonwa, Denis Jean; Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Yaoundé, Cameroon
Batsi, Germain; Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic Congo
Ebuy, Jérôme; Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic Congo
Kahindo, Jean-Marie; Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic Congo
Language :
English
Title :
Building a framework towards climate-smart agriculture in the Yangambi landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
Publication date :
2021
Journal title :
International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management
Funding: This research was funded by EU (Contrat FED/2016/381–145) and NORAD Grant agreement code No: NOR114.The authors would like to thank the European Union and the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) for funding, through the Training and Research in Tshopo (FORETS) project, this research carried out as part of master's degree work but also as part of the CIFOR Global Comparative Study for achieving REDD+ (GCS-REDD+) project funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD). The authors would also like to thank the R&SD (Resources and Synergies Development) design office for its support in logistics. The authors would like to thanks all farmers in the Yangambi landscape for their support during the data collection period.
Alongo, S., Visser, M., Drouet, T., Kombele, F., Colinet, G. and Bogaert, J. (2013), “Effets de la fragmentation des forêts par l’agriculture itinérante sur la dégradation de quelques propriétés physiques d’un ferralsol échantillonné à yangambi, R.D. Congo”, Tropicultura, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 36-43.
AMCEN (2014), “Strategie africaine sur les changements climatiques”, AMCEN-15-REF-11, Addis-Ababa.
Arneth, A., Barbosa, H., Benton, T., Calvin, K., Calvo, E., Connors, S., Cowie, A., Davin, E., Denton, F., Van Diemen, R., Driouech, F., Elbehri, A., Evans, J., Ferrat, M., Harold, J., Haughey, E., Herrero, M., House, J., Howden, M., Hurlbert, M., Jia, G., Johansen, T., Krishnaswamy, J., Kurz, Z., Lennard, C., Myeong, S., Mahmoud, N., Masson-Delmotte, V., Mbow, C., McElwee, P., Mirzabaev, A., Morelli, A., Moufouma-Okia, A., Nedjraoui, D., Neogi, S., Nkem, J., De Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Olsson, L., Pathak, M., Petzold, J., Pichs-Madruga, R., Poloczanska, E., Popp, A., Pörtner, H.-O., Pereira, J., Pradhan, P., Reisinger, A., Roberts, D., Rosenzweig, C., Rounsevell, M., Shevliakova, E., Shukla, P., Skea, J., Slade, R., Smith, P., Sokona, Y., Sonwa, D., Soussana, J.-F., Tubiello, F., Verchot, L., Warner, K., Weyer, N., Wu, J., Yassaa, N., Zhai, P. and Zommers, Z. (2019), “IPCC special issue on land degradation: Summary for policymakers”, in Shukla, P., Skea, J., Buendia, E., Masson-Delmotte, V., Pörtner, H-O., Roberts, D., Zhai, P., Slade, R., Connors, S., Van Diemen, R., Ferrat, M., Haughey, E., Luz, S., Neogi, S., Pathak, M., Petzold,J., Pereira, J., Vyas, P., Huntley, E., Kissick, K., Belkacemi, M. and Malley, J. (Eds.), Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva. pp. 1-41.
Bakondongama, B., Mubenga, K., Mondivudri, A., Ngabu, C., Mpiana, P., Kosele, K. and Juakaly, M. (2017), “Zonocerus variegatus (linné 1758, orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) et ses parasitoïdes (hyménoptères) dans la ville de kisangani, RDC”, International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 64-74.
Barnier, J., Biaudet, J., Briatte, F., Bouchet-Valat, M., Gallic, E., Giraud, F., Gombin, J., Kauffmann, M., Lalanne, C., Larmarange, J. and Robette, N. (2020), “Analyse-R – introduction à l’analyse d’enquêtes ”, Avec R et RStudio, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.2669067, (accessed 15 December 2020).
Batsi, G., Sonwa, D., Mangaza, L., Ebuy, J. and Kahindo, J.-M. (2020), “Biodiversity of the cocoa agroforests of the Bengamisa-Yangambi Forest landscape in the democratic republic of the Congo (DRC)”, Forests, Vol. 11 No. 10, pp. 1-21.
Bele, M., Sonwa, D. and Tiani, A.-M. (2014), “Local communities vulnerability to climate change and adaptation strategies in Bukavu in DR Congo”, The Journal of Environment and Development, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 331-357.
Bele, Y., Mulotwa, E., Bokoto, B., Sonwa, D. and Tiani, A.-M. (2010), “Les effets du changement climatique dans le bassin du Congo: la nécessité de soutenir les capacités adaptatives locales”, Aperçu Sur L’adaptation, Vol. 3, pp. 1-3.
Brown, C., Nkem, J., Sonwa, D. and Bele, Y. (2011), Capacité D’adaptation Institutionnelle et Réponse Au Changement Climatique Dans Les Forêts Du Bassin Du Congo Au Cameroun, CIFOR, Bogor.
Chia, E., Tiani, A.-M., Sonwa, D., Perez-Teran, A. and Tchatchou, B. (2016), “Securing well-being with the advent of climate hazards: Case of Forest-dependent communities in a landscape in the Congo basin”, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 175-193.
Chinedum, N., Tambi, E. and Bangali, S. (2015), State of Knowledge on CSA in Africa: Case Studies from Nigeria, Cameroun and the Democratic Republic of Congo, Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, Accra.
CIFOR (2018a), Agro-Écologie et Agroforesterie Pour Une Gestion Durable Des Forêts, CIFOR, Bogor.
CIFOR (2018b), Libérer le Potentiel de L’agriculture: Analyse Des Chaines de Valeur Agricoles Dans le Paysage de Yangambi, CIFOR, Bogor.
Cilas, C., Goebel, F., Babin, R. and Avelino, J. (2015), “Bioagresseurs des cultures tropicales face au changement climatique: quelques exemples”, in Torquebiau, E. (Ed.), Changement Climatique et Agricultures Du Monde, Quae, Versailles, pp. 75-83.
Codjo, T., Ogouwale, E., Boko, M. and Agbossou, E. (2015), “Stratégies paysannes d’adaptation aux changements climatiques dans la commune d’Adjohoun”, XXVIIIe Colloque de L’Association Internationale de Climatologie, Liège 2015, pp. 313-318.
Delvaux, F. (2016), L’agriculture Intelligente Face Au Climat, Les Fausses Réponses Au Changement Climatique, Vol. 4, Entraide et Fraternité, Bruxelles.
Doukpolo, B. (2014), “Changements climatiques ”, et productions agricoles dans l’Ouest de la République Centrafricaine”, PhD thesis, Université d’Abomey-Calavi.
FAO (2014), Exemples de Réussites de la FAO en Matière D’agriculture Intelligente Face au Climat, FAO, Rome.
FAO (2016), Le Climat Change, L’alimentation et L’agriculture Aussi, FAO, Rome.
FAO (2018), Gestion Intégrée de la Chenille Légionnaire D’automne Sur le Maïs: un Guide Pour Les Champs-Écoles Des Producteurs en Afrique, FAO, Rome.
FONAREDD (2016), Fonds National REDD + de La RDC: Programme Intégré Oriental, FONAREDD, Kinshasa.
Goergen, G., Kumar, L., Sankung, S., Togola, A. and Tamo, M. (2016), “First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E smith) (lepidoptera, noctuidae), a new alien invasive pest in West and Central Africa”, PLoS One, Vol. 11 No. 10, pp. 1-9.
Hailu, M. and Campbell, B. (2015), L’agriculture Intelligente Face Au Climat: Quel Impact Pour L’Afrique?, Success Stories, CTA, Wageningen.
Hufkens, K., De Haulleville, T., Kearsley, E., Jacobsen, K., Beeckman, H., Stoffelen, P., Vandelook, P., Meeus, S., Amara, M., Van Hirtum, L., Van den Bulcke, J., Verbeeck, H. and Wingate, L. (2020), “Historical aerial surveys map long-term changes of Forest cover and structure in the Central Congo basin”, Remote Sensing, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 1-26.
ICCN (2018), Rapport Sur L’état de Conservation Des Biens de la RDC Inscrits Sur la Liste du Patrimoine Mondial en Péril: exercice 2017, ICCN, Kinshasa.
IPCC (2007), “Climate change 2007: Synthesis report”, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva.
IPCC (2014), “Climate change 2014: Synthesis report”, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva.
Kipalu, P. and Mukungu, J. (2012), Statut Du Processus REDD + En République“ Démocratique Du Congo”, Forest Peoples Progamme, Birmingham.
Kombele, B. (2004), “Diagnostic de la fertilité des sols dans la Cuvette Centrale congolaise. Cas des séries yakonde et yangambi”, PhD thesis, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux.
Kyale, J. and Maindo, A. (2017), “Pratiques traditionnelles de conservation de la nature à l’épreuve des faits chez les peuples riverains de la réserve de biosphère de yangambi (RDC)”, European Scientific Journal, Vol. 13 No. 8, pp. 328-356.
Kyale, J., Wardell, D., Mikwa, J.-F., Kabuanga, J., Maindo, A., Oszwald, J. and Doumenge, C. (2019), “Dynamique de la déforestation dans la réserve de biosphère de yangambi (république démocratique du Congo): variabilité spatiale et temporelle au cours des 30 dernières années”, Bois and Forets Des Tropiques, Vol. 341 No. 3, pp. 15-28.
Likoko, A., Mbifo, N., Besango, L., Totiwe, T., Badjoko, H., Likoko, G., Botomo, D., Litemandia, N., Posho, B., Alongo, S. and Boyemba, F. (2019), “Climate change for Yangambi Forest region, DR Congo”, Journal of Aquatic Sciences and Oceanography, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 1-10.
Lo, H. and Kaéré, A. (2009), “L’Afrique et les changements climatiques: enjeux et défis multiples”, in Mbow, A., Diop, S., Tounkara, A. and Lamine, M. (Eds.), AGRIPADE: Revue Sur L’agriculture Durable à Faibles Apports Externes, Vol. 24, AGRIPADE, Dakar, pp. 6-7.
MECNT (2012), Synthèse Des Études Sur Les Causes de La Déforestation et de La Dégradation Des Forêts En République Démocratique Du Congo, MECNT, Kinshasa.
MECNT (2015), Rapport de Base: Analyse Environementale et Sociale Stratégique Du Processus REDD+, MECNT, Kinshasa.
MECNT and UNDP (2009), Autoévaluation Nationale Des Besoins En Renforcement de Capacités Pour La Gestion de L’Environnement En République Démocratique Du Congo, MECNT, Kinshasa.
MINAGRI (2010), Programme REDD + Réduction de L’impact de L’agriculture de Subsistance Sur La Forêt: Document D’orientation, MINAGRI, Kinshasa.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2018), Climate Change Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo (East), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, The Hague.
Mohymont, B. and Demarée, G. (2006), “Courbes intensité-durée-fréquence des précipitations à yangambi, Congo, au moyen de différents modèles de type Montana”, Hydrological Sciences Journal, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. 239-253.
Moiroux, J., Bourgeois, G., Boivin, G. and Brodeur, J. (2014), Impact Différentiel Du Réchauffement Climatique Sur Les Insectes Ravageurs Des Cultures et Leurs Ennemis Naturels: Implications En Agriculture, Feuillet Technique Ouranos Projet 550005-103, Québec.
Molinario, G., Hansen, M. and Potapov, P. (2015), “Forest cover dynamics of shifting cultivation in the democratic republic of Congo: a remote sensing-based assessment for 2000-2010”, Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 10 No. 9, pp. 1-15.
Moonen, P. (2017), “Integrated assessment of options to reduce emissions from deforestation in tshopo, DR Congo”, PhD thesis, KU Leuven.
Onyeneke, R., Igberi, C., Uwadoka, C. and Aligbe, J. (2017), “Status of climate-smart agriculture in southeast Nigeria”, GeoJournal, Vol. 83 No. 2, pp. 333-346.
Oriangi, G., Albrecht, F., Di Baldassarre, G., Bamutaze, Y., Mukwaya, P., Ardö, J. and Pilesjö, P. (2020), “Household resilience to climate change hazards in Uganda”, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 59-73.
Pan, Y., Birdsey, R., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P., Kurz, W., Phillips, O., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S., Canadell, J., Ciais, P., Jackson, R., Pacala, S., McGuire, D., Piao, S., Rautiainen, A., Sitch, S. and Hayes, D. (2011), “A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests”, Science, Vol. 333 No. 6045, pp. 988-993.
PANA (2006), Programme D’Action National D’Adaptation Au Changement Climatique de La République Démocratique Du Congo, PANA, Kinshasa.
Peltier, R., Dubiez, E., Diowo, S., Gigaud, M., Marien, J.-N., Marquant, B., Peroches, A., Proces, P. and Vermeulen, C. (2014), “Assisted natural regeneration in slash-and-burn agriculture: Results in the democratic republic of the Congo”, Bois and Forets Des Tropiques, Vol. 321 No. 321, pp. 67-79.
Potapov, P., Turubanova, S., Hansen, M., Adusei, B., Broich, M., Altstatt, A., Mane, L. and Justice, C. (2012), “Quantifying Forest cover loss in democratic republic of the Congo, 2000-2010, with landsat ETM+ data”, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 122, pp. 106-116.
Saalu, F., Oriaso, S. and Gyampoh, B. (2020), “Effects of a changing climate on livelihoods of Forest dependent communities: Evidence from buyangu community proximal to kakamega tropical rain Forest in Kenya”, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 1-21.
Seguin, B. (2010), “Le changement climatique: conséquences pour les végétaux”, Quaderni, Vol. 71 No. 71, pp. 27-40.
Semeki, J., Linchant, J., Quevauvillers, S., Kahindo, J.-M., Lejeune, P. and Vermeulen, C. (2016), “Cartographie de la dynamique de terroirs villageois à l’aide d’un drone dans les aires protégées de la république démocratique du Congo”, Bois and Forets Des Tropiques, Vol. 330 No. 330, pp. 69-83.
Sonwa, D., Mangaza, L., Batsi, G. and Ebuy, J. (2020), “Preliminary reflections of the potential of climate smart agriculture (CSA) in the tshopo province (DRC)”, in Matsunami, Y. and Takeuchi, S. (Eds.), Challenges of Development and Natural Resource Governance in Africa; ASC−TUFS Working Papers 2019, Tokyo, pp. 219-233.
Sonwa, D., Nkem, J., Idinoba, M., Bele, M. and Jum, C. (2012), “Building regional priorities in forests for development and adaptation to climate change in the Congo basin”, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 441-450.
Sonwa, D., Dieye, A., Mzouri, E., Majule, A., Mugabe, F., Omolo, F., Wouapi, H., Obando, J. and Brooks, N. (2016), “Drivers of climate risk in African agriculture”, Climate and Development, Vol. 9 No. 5, pp. 383-398.
Sonwa, D., Scholte, P., Pokman, W., Schauerte, P., Tsalefac, M., Biona, C., Brown, C., Haensler, A., Ludwig, F., Mkankam, F., Mosnier, A., Moufouma-Okia, W., Ngana, F. and Tiani, A. (2014), “Climate change and adaptation in centration africa: past, scenarios and options for the future”, in De Wasseige, C., Flynn, J., Louppe, D., Hiol Hiol, F. and Mayaux, P. (Eds.), The Forests of the Congo Basin-State of the Forest 2013, Weyrich, pp. 99-119.
Tesfahun, A. and Chawla, A. (2019), “Risk perceptions and adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability in North shoa zone, Ethiopia”, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 254-272.
Ulimwengu, J. and Kibonge, A. (2016), “Climate-smart agriculture practices based on precision agriculture: the case of maize in Western Congo”, in De Pinto, A. and Ulimwengu, J.M. (Eds.), A Thriving Agricultural Sector in a Changing Climate: Meeting Malabo Declaration Goals through Climate-Smart Agriculture, USA, ReSAKSS Annual Trends and Outlook, Washington, DC DC, pp. 86-102.
Van Hoof, F. (2011), Changer L’agriculture Congolaise En Faveur Des Familles Paysannes, AFAFO, Netherlands.
Van Wambeke, A. and Evrard, C. (1957), Notice Plicatice de La Carte Des Sols et de La Végétation. Planchette1, INEAC, Bruxelles.
Williams, T., Mul, M., Cofie, O., Kinyangi, J., Zougmore, R., Wamukoya, G., Nyamisi, M., Mapfumo, P., Ifejike, C., Amwata, D., Frid-Nielsen, S., Partey, S., Girvetz, E., Rosenstock, T. and Campbell, B. (2015), “Climate smart agriculture in the African context”, paper presented at the high level conference on Feeding Africa: an action plan for African agriculture transformation, Senegal, 21–23 October 2015, Dakar.
Yila, J. and Resurreccion, B. (2014), “Gender perspectives on agricultural adaptation to climate change in drought-prone nguru local government area in the semiarid zone of northeastern Nigeria”, International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 250-271.
