Planetary systems; Stars: individual: Gl 411; Stars: low-mass; Techniques: radial velocities; Correlated noise; Equilibrium temperatures; Extensive simulations; High contrast imaging; High dispersion; Independent analysis; Radial velocity; Velocity variations; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP
Abstract :
[en] Periodic radial velocity variations in the nearby M-dwarf star Gl 411 are reported, based on measurements with the SOPHIE spectrograph. Current data do not allow us to distinguish between a 12.95-day period and its one-day alias at 1.08 days, but favour the former slightly. The velocity variation has an amplitude of 1.6 m s-1, making this the lowest-amplitude signal detected with SOPHIE up to now. We have performed a detailed analysis of the significance of the signal and its origin, including extensive simulations with both uncorrelated and correlated noise, representing the signal induced by stellar activity. The signal is significantly detected, and the results from all tests point to its planetary origin. Additionally, the presence of an additional acceleration in the velocity time series is suggested by the current data. On the other hand, a previously reported signal with a period of 9.9 days, detected in HIRES velocities of this star, is not recovered in the SOPHIE data. An independent analysis of the HIRES dataset also fails to unveil the 9.9-day signal. If the 12.95-day period is the real one, the amplitude of the signal detected with SOPHIE implies the presence of a planet, called Gl 411 b, with a minimum mass of around three Earth masses, orbiting its star at a distance of 0.079 AU. The planet receives about 3.5 times the insolation received by Earth, which implies an equilibrium temperature between 256 and 350 K, and makes it too hot to be in the habitable zone. At a distance of only 2.5 pc, Gl 411 b, is the third closest low-mass planet detected to date. Its proximity to Earth will permit probing its atmosphere with a combination of high-contrast imaging and high-dispersion spectroscopy in the next decade.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
DÍaz, R.F.; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Astronomía y Física Del Espacio (IAFE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Delfosse, X.; CNRS, IPAG, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Hobson, M.J.; CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Boisse, I.; CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Astudillo-Defru, N.; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
Bonfils, X.; CNRS, IPAG, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Henry, G.W.; Center of Excellence in Information Systems, Tennessee State University, Nashville, United States
Arnold, L.; Observatoire de Haute Provence, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Pythéas UMS 3470, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Bouchy, F.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Bourrier, V.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Brugger, B.; CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Dalal, S.; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
Deleuil, M.; CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Demangeon, O.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências Do Espaço, Universidade Do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Dolon, F.; Observatoire de Haute Provence, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Pythéas UMS 3470, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Dumusque, X.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Forveille, T.; CNRS, IPAG, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Hara, N.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Hébrard, G.; Observatoire de Haute Provence, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Pythéas UMS 3470, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France ; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
Kiefer, F.; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lopez, T.; CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Mignon, L.; CNRS, IPAG, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Moreau, F.; Observatoire de Haute Provence, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Pythéas UMS 3470, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Mousis, O.; CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Moutou, C.; CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France ; Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation, Kamuela, United States
Pepe, F.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Perruchot, S.; Observatoire de Haute Provence, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Pythéas UMS 3470, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Richaud, Y.; Observatoire de Haute Provence, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Pythéas UMS 3470, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Santerne, A.; CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Santos, N.C.; Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências Do Espaço, Universidade Do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Sottile, R.; Observatoire de Haute Provence, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Pythéas UMS 3470, Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, France
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ségransan, D.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Udry, S.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Unger, N.; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Astronomía y Física Del Espacio (IAFE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Wilson, P.A.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Acknowledgements. We thank all the staff of Haute-Provence Observatory for their support at the 1.93-m telescope and on SOPHIE. We are grateful to J.F. Albacete Colombo for his help with the XMM-Newton observations of Gl 411. This work has been supported by a grant from Labex OSUG@2020 (Investisse-ments d\u2019avenir \u2013 ANR10 LABX56). This work is supported by the French National Research Agency in the framework of the Investissements d\u2019Avenir programme (ANR-15-IDEX-02). This work is supported by the French Programme National de Physique Stellaire (PNPS) and the Programme National de Planetologie (PNP). N.A-D. acknowledges the support of FONDECYT project 3180063. X.B. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under the ERC Grant Agreement n. 337591-ExTrA. G.W.H. acknowledges long-term support from NASA, NSF, Tennessee State University, the State of Tennessee through its Centers of Excellence programme. We acknowledge the support by FCT \u2013 Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 \u2013 Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00E7\u00E3o by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2013 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007672; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953 and PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113. This work has been carried out within the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research \u201CPlanetS\u201D supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). V.B. and N.H. acknowledge the financial support by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS. V.B. has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project Four Aces; grant agreement No 724427). This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, and of the VizieR catalogue access tool, CDS, Strasbourg, France. The original description of the VizieR service was published in A&AS 143, 23. This work used the python packages scipy (Oliphant 2007; Millman & Aivazis 2011), pandas (McKinney 2010), and matplotlib (Hunter 2007).
Commentary :
Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 17 pages, 15
figures (plus Appendices). Added new co-author; minor changes in text
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