The International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS): A screening tool for clinical and organizational applications validated in 85 cultures from six continents.
Charzyńska, Edyta; Buźniak, Aleksandra; Czerwiński, Stanisław Ket al.
Bergen Work Addiction Scale; compulsive overworking; cross-cultural; validation study; work addiction; workaholism
Abstract :
[en] [en] BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite the last decade's significant development in the scientific study of work addiction/workaholism, this area of research is still facing a fundamental challenge, namely the need for a valid and reliable measurement tool that shows cross-cultural invariance and, as such, allows for worldwide studies on this phenomenon.
METHODS: An initial 16-item questionnaire, developed within an addiction framework, was administered alongside job stress, job satisfaction, and self-esteem measures in a total sample of 31,352 employees from six continents and 85 cultures (63.5% females, mean age of 39.24 years).
RESULTS: Based on theoretical premises and psychometric testing, the International Work Addiction Scale (IWAS) was developed as a short measure representing essential features of work addiction. The seven-item version (IWAS-7), covering all seven components of work addiction, showed partial scalar invariance across 81 cultures, while the five-item version (IWAS-5) showed it across all 85 cultures. Higher levels of work addiction on both versions were associated with higher job stress, lower job satisfaction, and lower self-esteem across cultures. The optimal cut-offs for the IWAS-7 (24 points) and IWAS-5 (18 points) were established with an overall accuracy of 96% for both versions.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The IWAS is a valid, reliable, and short screening scale that can be used in different cultures and languages, providing comparative and generalizable results. The scale can be used globally in clinical and organizational settings, with the IWAS-5 being recommended for most practical and clinical situations. This is the first study to provide data supporting the hypothesis that work addiction is a universal phenomenon worldwide.
Disciplines :
Sociology & social sciences
Author, co-author :
Charzyńska, Edyta ; 1Institute of Psychology, Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Buźniak, Aleksandra ; 2Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
Czerwiński, Stanisław K ; 2Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
Woropay-Hordziejewicz, Natalia ; 2Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
Schneider, Zuzanna ; 3Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Aavik, Toivo ; 4Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Adamowic, Mladen ; 5Department of Human Resource Management & Employment Relations, King's Business School, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
Adams, Byron G ; 6Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 7Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa ; 8Department of Work, Organization, and Society, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Al-Mahjoob, Sami M ; 9Psychology Department, College of Arts, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Bahrain
Almoshawah, Saad A S ; 10Research Center, Medical Cities Program-MOI, Saudi Arabia
Arrowsmith, Jim ; 11School of Management, College of Business, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
Asatsa, Stephen ; 12The Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
Austin, Stéphanie ; 13Department of Human Resources Management, Business School, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
Aziz, Shahnaz ; 14Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
Bakker, Arnold B ; 15Center of Excellence for Positive Organizational Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands ; 16School of Management, Human Resource Management, University of Vaasa, Finland
Balducci, Cristian ; 17Department of Psychology, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
Barros, Eduardo ; 18School of Business, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
Bălțătescu, Sergiu ; 19University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
Bdier, Dana ; 20Psychology and Counseling Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine ; 21University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
Bhatia, Nitesh ; 22Department of Business Administration, School of Management Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
Bilic, Snezana ; 23Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, International Balkan University, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
Boer, Diana; 24Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
Caspi, Avner ; 25Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
Chaleeraktrakoon, Trawin ; 26Faculty of Liberal Arts, Department of Psychology, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
Chan, Connie I M ; 27Department of Management and Marketing, University of Macau, Macao, China
Chien, Chung-Jen ; 28College of Management, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan
Choi, Hoon-Seok ; 29Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Choubisa, Rajneesh ; 30Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India
Clark, Marilyn ; 31Department of Psychology, Faculty for Social Wellbeing, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Čekrlija, ĐorĐe ; 32Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina ; 33Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Demetrovics, Zsolt ; 34Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary ; 35Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar ; 36Institute for Mental Health and Wellbeing, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Dervishi, Eglantina ; 37Pedagogy and Psychology Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
de Zoysa, Piyanjali ; 38Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Domínguez Espinosa, Alejandra Del Carmen ; 39Psychology Department, Ibero-American University, Mexico City, Mexico
Dragova-Koleva, Sonya ; 40Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
Efstathiou, Vasiliki ; 41Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Fernandez, Maria Eugenia ; 42Department of Psychology, Universidad Católica del Uruguay (UCU), Montevideo, Uruguay ; 43Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University (UGENT), Ghent, Belgium
Fernet, Claude ; 13Department of Human Resources Management, Business School, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
Gadelrab, Hesham F ; 44Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait ; 45Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer ; 46Department of Psychology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Garðarsdóttir, Ragna Benedikta ; 47University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Garrido, Luis Eduardo ; 48School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Gillet, Nicolas ; 49QualiPsy UR 1901, Université de Tours, Tours, France ; 50Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
Gonçalves, Sónia P ; 51Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, Universidade de Lisboa (ISCSP-ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal ; 52Centro de Administração e Políticas Públicas (CAPP), Lisboa, Portugal
Griffiths, Mark D ; 53International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Hakobyan, Naira Rafik ; 54International Scientific-Educational Center, the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
Halim, Fatimah Wati; 55Research Centre for Psychology and Human Well-being, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
Hansenne, Michel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de Psychologie > Psychologie de la personnalité et des différences individuelles
Hasan, Bashar Banwan ; 57College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wasit University, Al-Kut, Iraq
Herttalampi, Mari ; 58Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Hlatywayo, Clifford K ; 59University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
Hromatko, Ivana ; 60Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Igou, Eric Raymond ; 61Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland
Isayeva, Ulker ; 63Psychology Department, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Ismail, Hussein Nabil ; 64Adnan Kassar School of Business - AACSB Accredited, Department of Management Studies, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Jensen, Dorthe Høj ; 65Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Kakupa, Paul ; 66School of Education, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
Kamble, Shanmukh ; 67Department of Psychology, Karnatak University Dharwad, Dharwad, India
Kerriche, Ahmed ; 68Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Psychometrics and Psychological Studies Laboratory, University of Blida 2, El Affroun, Algeria
Kubicek, Bettina ; 69Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Kugbey, Nuworza ; 70School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
Kun, Bernadette ; 34Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Lee, J Hannah ; 71Department of Psychology, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, United States
Lisá, Elena ; 72Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
Lisun, Yanina ; 73Department of Journalism and Advertising, State University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
Lupano Perugini, María Laura ; 74National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina ; 75Universidad de Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina ; 76Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Marcatto, Francesco ; 77Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Maslovarić, Biljana ; 78Faculty of Philosophy Nikšić, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
Massoudi, Koorosh ; 79Institute of Psychology of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
McFarlane, Tracy A ; 80Department of Sociology, Psychology & Social Work, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
Mgaiwa, Samson John ; 81Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Moosavi Jahanabad, Seyyed Taha ; 82Faculty of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Moreta-Herrera, Rodrigo ; 83School of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Nguyen, Hang Thi Minh ; 84Faculty of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities (USSH), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU Hanoi), Hanoi, Vietnam
Ohtsubo, Yohsuke ; 85Department of Social Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Özsoy, Tuğba ; 86Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Geyve Vocational School, Turkey
Øvergård, Kjell Ivar ; 87Department of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Campus Vestfold, Borre, Norway
Pallesen, Ståle ; 88Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Parker, Jane ; 11School of Management, College of Business, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
Plohl, Nejc ; 89Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
Pontes, Halley M ; 90School of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
Potter, Rachael ; 91Psychosocial Safety Climate Global Observatory, Centre for Workplace Excellence, Justice & Society, University of South Australia, South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
Roe, Alan ; 92Leeds University Business School, Leeds, United Kingdom
Samekin, Adil ; 93School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Schulmeyer, Marion K ; 94Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Seisembekov, Telman Z ; 95Department of Cardiology, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Serrano-Fernández, María José ; 96Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
Shahrour, Ghada ; 97Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Matić, Jelena Sladojević ; 98Faculty of Media and Communication, Singidunum University in Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Sobhie, Rosita ; 99Interfaculty for Graduate Studies and Research, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
Spagnoli, Paola ; 100Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
Story, Joana ; 101Sao Paulo School of Business Administration, FGV, São Paulo, Brazil
Sullman, Mark J M ; 102Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus ; 103Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
Sultanova, Liliya ; 104Faculty of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Branch in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Sun, Ruimei ; 105Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China ; 106Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
Suryani, Angela Oktavia ; 107Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
Sussman, Steve ; 108Departments of Population and Public Health Sciences, and Psychology, and School of Social Work, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Teng-Calleja, Mendiola ; 109Ateneo Center for Organization Research and Development, Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
Torales, Julio ; 110Department of Medical Psychology, School of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay ; 111School of Health Sciences, Universidad Sudamericana, Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay
Vera Cruz, Germano ; 112Department of Psychology, University of Picardie Jules Verne (Université de Picardie Jules Verne), Amiens, France
Wu, Anise M S ; 105Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China ; 106Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
Yang, Xue ; 113Centre for Health Behaviours Research (CHBR), JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
Zabrodska, Katerina ; 114Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ; 115Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Ziedelis, Arunas ; 116Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Atroszko, Paweł A ; 2Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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