Erosion control; Land policy intervention; Opportunities and threats; Soil conservation; Sustainable land management; Forestry; Geography, Planning and Development; Nature and Landscape Conservation; Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Abstract :
[en] This survey study aimed to explore landholders' perceptions of possible threats and opportunities of the CSLO scheme in the Chehel-Chay watershed located in Golestan province, Iran. Furthermore, the influence of these perceptions on the intention to adopt the scheme was assessed. For this purpose, 345 landholders were selected through multi-stage sampling, and the data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Results showed that most landholders in the study area were well-informed of CSLO threats rather than CSLO opportunities. For those landholders who cultivate in public land, “the seizure of land ownership by the government” was perceived as the most important threat of CSLO. Furthermore, the contribution of CSLO to the soil erosion mitigation and deterioration was found to be the most frequent perceived opportunity to the CSLO scheme. Based on the findings, the importance of uncertain future costs of implementing CSLO in the rapidly changing Minodasht County should not be ignored by policymakers. This study demonstrated the importance of examining both positive and negative perceptions of landholders about the opportunities and threats of the CSLO scheme. The study concluded that land use policymakers should take into account that the implementation of CSLO has positively contributed to landholders’ perception. In other words, the landholders are willing to adopt the scheme. Therefore, policymakers should consider the importance of establishing the landholders’ trust in long-term programs.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy
Author, co-author :
Abdollahzadeh, Gholamhossein; Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Azadi, Hossein ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Modélisation et développement ; Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Sharifzadeh, Mohammad Sharif; Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Jahangir, Leila; Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Janečková, Kristina; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Sklenička, Petr; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Tan, Rong; School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Witlox, Frank; Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ; Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia ; College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
Language :
English
Title :
Landholders' perception of conversion of steep lands to orchard schemes: Land use policy implications in North Iran
Abdollahzadeh, G., Sharifzadeh, M.S., Damalas, C.A., Perceptions of the beneficial and harmful effects of pesticides among Iranian rice farmers influence the adoption of biological control. Crop Prot. 7 (2015), 124–131.
Abebe, Z.D., Sewnet, M.A., Adoption of soil conservation practices in North Achefer District, Northwest Ethiopia. Chin. J. Populat. Res. & Environ. 12:3 (2014), 261–268.
Abid, M., Scheffran, J., Schneider, U.A., et al. Farmer perceptions of climate change, observed trends and adaptation of agriculture in Pakistan. Environ. Manage. 63 (2019), 110–123.
Allahyari, M.S., Damalas, C.A., Ebadattalab, M., Determinants of integrated pest management adoption for olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) in Roudbar. Iran. Crop Protect. 84 (2016), 113–120.
Amsalu, A., De-Graaff, J., Determinants of adoption and continued use of stone terraces for soil and water conservation in an Ethiopian highland watershed. Ecol. Econ. 61:2 (2007), 294–302.
Asafu-Adjaye, J., Factors affecting the adoption of soil conservation measures: a case study of Fijian cane farmers. J. Agri. Res. Econ. 33:1 (2008), 99–117.
Ascough, J.C., Flanagan, D.C., Tatarko, J., Nearing, M.A., Kipka, H., et al. Soil erosion modeling and conservation planning. Delgado, (eds.) Precision Conservation: Geospatial Techniques for Agricultural and Natural Resources Conservation. Agronomy Monograph, 2018, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA, 1–25.
Bai, M., Sadoddin, A., Salman-Mahini, A., Uncertainty Analysis in Predicting Ecological Impacts of Management Scenarios in the Chehl-Chai Watershed, Gorganrood River Basin. Iran. J. Appl. Ecol. 3:10 (2015), 77–89 (In Persian).
Bekele, W., Drake, L., Soil and water conservation decision behaviour of subsistence farming in the Eastern Highlands of the Ethiopia: a case study of the Hunde-Lafto area. Ecol. Econ. 46 (2003), 437–451.
Bewket, W., Soil and water conservation intervention with conventional technologies in northwestern highlands of Ethiopia: Acceptance and adoption by farmers. Land Use Policy 24:2 (2007), 404–416.
Bijani, M., Ghazani, E., Valizadeh, N., Fallah Haghighi, N., Pro-environmental analysis of farmers’ concerns and behaviors towards soil conservation in central district of Sari County. Iran. Int. Soil and Water Conserv. Res. 5:1 (2017), 43–49.
Bola, A.A., Aziz, A.K., Aliou, D., Agricultural technology adoption, commercialization and smallholder rice farmers’ welfare in rural Nigeria. Agri. Food Sci. 4:1 (2016), 1–24.
Bozarth, M.A., Farrish, K.W., Damoff, J.A., VanKley, J., Young, J.L., Spatial distribution of earthworms in an east texas forest ecosystem. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ., Appl. Soil Ecol. 104 (2016), 91–103.
Bravo-Ureta, B.E., Solis, D., Cocchi, H., Quiroga, R.E., The impact of soil conservation and output diversification on farm income in Central American hillside farming. Agri. Econ. 35:3 (2006), 267–276.
Cavallo, E., Ferrari, E., Bollani, L., Coccia, M., Strategic management implications for the adoption of technological innovations in agricultural tractor: the role of scale factors and environmental attitude. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 26:7 (2014), 765–779.
Chadwick, D., Defining a Formal Model of Edutainment That Enhances the Learning of Cyber Security Subjects by Higher Education Students. EdD Thesis. 2016, University of Greenwich.
Chen, Z., Wang, L., Wei, A., Gao, J., Lu, Y., Zhou, J., Land-use change from arable lands to orchards reduced soil erosion and increased nutrient loss in a small catchment. Sci. Total Environ. 648:15 (2019), 1097–1104.
Cramb, R., Social capital and soil conservation: evidence from the Philippines. Australian J. Agri. & Res. Econ. 49 (2005), 211–226.
Dayer, A.A., Lutter, S.H., Sesser, K.A., Hickey, C.M., Gardali, T., Private landowner conservation behavior following participation in voluntary incentive programs: recommendations to facilitate behavioral persistence. Conserv. Lett. 0:0 (2017), 1–11.
Dissanayake, D., Morimoto, T., Murayama, Y., Ranagalage, M., Handayani, H.H., Impact of urban surface characteristics and socio-economic variables on the spatial variation of land surface temperature in Lagos City. Nigeria. Sustainability, 11, 2019, 25.
Ekeh, P., Social Exchange Theory. 1974, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Elliott, L., Gruer, L., Farrow, K., Henderson, A., Cowan, L., Theatre in AIDS education: a controlled study. AIDS Care 8 (1996), 321–340.
FAO, Proceedings of the Global Symposium on Soil Erosion. Rome.FAO. 2017. Smallholder Agriculture and Market Participation, 2019 http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7841e.pdf.
Gao, Y., Li, P., Wu, L., Lu, J., Yu, L., Yin, S., Preferences of for-profit pest control firms on support policy in China. J. Clean. Prod. 181 (2018), 809–818.
Garson, D., Multiple Regression from Statnotes: Topics in Multivariate Analysis. 2007, accessed 8 June 2007 Bhttp://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/statnote.htm.
Gharehbash, A.M., Changing the traditional sheep and goat breeding system, the need to rehabilitate and improve pastures in golestan province. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Natural Resource Management. March 29, 2014, Gonbad Kavous University, 2013.
Grabowski, P.P., Kerr, J.M., Haggblade, S., Kabwe, S., Determinants of adoption of minimum tillage by cotton farmers in eastern Zambia. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ., Appl. Soil Ecol. 231 (2016), 54–67.
Greaves, M., Zibarras, L.D., Stride, Ch, Using the theory of planned behavior to explore environmental behavioral intentions in the workplace. J. Environ Psych. 34 (2013), 109–120.
Hellin, J., Ridaura, L.R., Soil and water conservation on CentralAmerican hillsides: if more technologies is the answer, what is the question?. AIMS Agric. and Food. 1:2 (2016), 194–207.
Homans, G., Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. 1961, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.
Huttunen, S., Farming practices and experienced policy coherence in agri-environmental policies: the case of land clearing in Finland. J. Environ Policy & Planning. 17:5 (2015), 573–592.
Illukpitiya, P., Gopalakrishnan, C., Decision-making in soil conservation: application of a behavioral model to potato farmers in Sri Lanka. Land Use Policy 21:4 (2004), 321–331.
Jara-Rojas, R., Bravo-Ureta, B.E., Engler, A., Díaz, J., An analysis of the joint adoption of water conservation and soil conservation in Central Chile. Land Use Policy 32 (2013), 292–301.
Junge, B., Deji, O., Abaidoo, R., Chikoye, D., Stahr, K., Farmers’ adoption of soil conservation technologies: A case study from Osun state. Nigeria. J. Agri Edu & Exten. 15:3 (2009), 257–274.
Kabir, M.H., Rainis, R., Adoption and intensity of integrated pest management (IPM) vegetable farming in Bangladesh: an approach to sustainable agricultural development. Environ Dev Sustain. 17:6 (2015), 1413–1429.
Khodadadi, M., Mabit, L., Zaman, M., et al. Using 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements to explore the effectiveness of soil conservation measures in semi-arid lands: a case study in the Kouhin region of Iran. J. Soils Sediments 19 (2019), 2103–2113, 10.1007/s11368-018-2205-y.
Knowler, D.J., The economics of soil productivity: local, national and global perspectives. Land Degrad. & Dev. 15:6 (2004), 543–561.
Kpadonou, R.A.B., Owiyo, T., Barbier, B., Denton, F., Rutabingwa, F., Kiema, A., Advancing climate-smart-agriculture in developing drylands: Joint analysis of the adoption of multiple on-farm soil and water conservation technologies in West African Sahel. Land Use Policy 61 (2017), 196–207.
Lutz, E., Pagiola, S., Reiche, C., The costs and benefits of soil conservation: the farmers’ viewpoint. World Bank Res. Obs. 9:2 (1994), 273–295.
Ma, Z., Butler, B.J., Kittredge, D.B., Catanzaro, P., Factors associated with landowner involvement in forest conservation programs in the U.S.: implications for policy design and outreach. Land Use Policy 29:1 (2012), 53–61.
Mahboubi, M.R., Irvani, H., Rezvanfar, A., Kalantari, K., Mohseni, S.M., Factors affecting the adoption behavior regarding soil conservation technologies in the Zarrin Gol Watershed, Golestan Province. Iran. J. Natural Res. 57:4 (2005), 595–606 (in Persian).
Mahboubi, M.R., Najdabbasi, N., Toosi, O., An investigation of motivation factors affecting on farmer's participation in terrace cropping operations in agricultural land case study: chehel-Chai Watershed, Golestan Province. J. Water Manage Res. 6:12 (2015), 88–97 (in Persian).
Mancosu, E., Gago-Silva, A., Barbosa, A., De-Bono, A., Ivanov, E., Lehmann, A., Fons, J., Future land-use change scenarios for the Black Sea catchment. Environ. Sci. Policy 46 (2015), 26–36.
Mbaga-Semgalawe, Z., Folmer, H., Household adoption behaviour of improved soil conservation: the case of the North Pare and West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. Land Use Policy 17:4 (2000), 321–336.
Mu, J.E., Sleeter, B.M., Abatzoglou, J.T., et al. Climate impacts on agricultural land use in the USA: the role of socio-economic scenarios. Clim. Change 144 (2017), 329–345.
Mugonola, B., Deckers, J., Poesen, J., Isabirye, M., Mathijs, E., Adoption of soil and water conservation technologies in the Rwizi catchment of south western Uganda. I. J. Agric. Biotechnol. Sustain. Dev. 11:3 (2013), 264–281.
Murage, A.W., Midega, C.A.O., Pittchar, J.O., Pickett, J.A., Khan, Z.R., Determinants of adoption of climate-smart push-pull technology for enhanced food security through integrated pest management in eastern Africa. Food Secur. 7:3 (2015), 709–724.
Næss, P., Jensen, O.B., Urban land use, mobility and theory of science: exploring the potential for critical realism in empirical research. J. Environ Policy & Plan. 4:4 (2002), 295–311.
Nakhumwa, T.O., Hassan, R.M., The adoption of soil conservation technologies by smallholder farmers in Malawi: A selective TOBIT ANALYSIS. Agrekon. 42:3 (2003), 271–284.
Napier, T.L., Napier, A.S., Perceptions of conservation compliance among farmers in a highly erodible area of Ohio. J. Soil & Water Conserv. 46:3 (1991), 220–224.
Nasiri, M., Najafi, N.A., Darijani, A., Sadoddin, A., Evaluating socio-economic influencing factors on terracing adoption: using logit model, case study, Chamany Watershed, Golestan Province. Iran. J. Agri Econ Dev. Res. 43:2-4 (2011), 531–540 (in Persian).
Pender, J.L., Kerr, J.M., Determinants of farmers’ indigenous soil and water conservation investments in semi-arid India. Agric. Econ. 19 (1998), 113–125.
Rahimzadeh, A., Political ecology of climate change: shifting orchards and a temporary landscape of opportunity. World Dev Perspectives 6 (2017), 25–31.
Rahmani, K.M., Kiani, F., Dordipour, E., Parsamehr, M., Effects of terracing on soil quality attributes in chehel-chay watershed, Golestan Province. J. Water & Soil Conserv. 19:3 (2012), 1–25 (in Persian).
Rastgar, Sh., Payments for Ecosystem Services Based the Cost of Soil Conservation Function of Range Plants Vegetation in North of Iran-lar Dam. Grassland Production and Utilization. 2020.
Rosenberg, S., Margerum, R.D., Landowner motivations for watershed restoration: lessons from five watersheds. J Environ. Plan Manage., 51(4), 2008.
Runoff Consulting Engineers Company (RCEC), Multifunctional Forest Management Plan for Chehel-chai Watershed. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Forestry, Rangeland and Watershed Organization. Department of Natural Resources of Golestan Province. 2005.
Sadeghi, S.H.R., Soil erosion in Iran: state of the art, tendency and solutions. Agri & Forest. 63:3 (2017), 33–37.
Sadoddin, A., Alvandi, E., Sheikh, V.B., Developing a decision support system for participatory and integrated management of the chehel-chai watershed, Golestan Province. J. Water Manage Res. 6:11 (2015), 124–136 (In Persian).
Sidibé, A., Farm-level adoption of soil and water conservation techniques in northern Burkina Faso. Agric. Water Manage. 71:3 (2005), 211–224.
Song, D., Pan, K., Tariq, A., Sun, F., Li, Z., Sun, X., Zhang, L., Olusanya, O.A., Wu, X., Large-scale patterns of distribution and diversity of terrestrial nematodes. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ., Appl. Soil Ecol. 114 (2017), 161–169.
Sonter, L.J., Barrett, D.L., Moran, C.J., Soares-Filho, B.S., A Land System Science meta-analysis suggests we underestimate intensive land uses in land use change dynamics. J. Land Use Science. 10:2 (2015), 191–204.
Sunderland, T.C.H., Rowland, D., Chapter 6 - forests, land use, and challenges to climate stability and food security. Sustain Food & Agric., 2019, 95–116.
Tenge, A.J., Participatory Appraisal for Farm Level Soil and Water Conservation Planning in West Usambara Highlands, Tanzania. ph.d. Dissertation. 2005, Wageningen University, Wageningen.
Turner, J.H., The Structure of Sociological Theory. 1974, Dorsey Press, Homewood, IL.
Udayakumara, E.P.N., Shrestha, R.P., Samarakoon, L., Schmidt-Vogt, D., People's perception and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion: A case study of Samanalawewa watershed, Sri Lanka. I. J. Sediment Res. 25:4 (2010), 323–339.
Udayakumara, E.P.N., Shrestha, R.P., Samarakoon, L., Schmidt-Vogt, D., Mitigating soil erosion through farm-level adoption of soil and water conservation measures in Samanalawewa Watershed, Sri Lanka. Acta. Agric. Scandinavica, Section B-Soil & Plant Sci. 62:3 (2012), 273–285.
Verma, P., Sinha, N., Integrating perceived economic wellbeing to technology acceptance model: the case of mobile based agricultural extension service. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 126 (2018), 207–216.
Vignola, R., Koellner, T., Scholz, R.W., McDaniels, T.L., Decision-making by farmers regarding ecosystem services: factors affecting soil conservation efforts in Costa Rica. Land Use Policy 27:4 (2010), 1132–1142.
Wairiu, M., Land degradation and sustainable land management practices in Pacific Island Countries. Reg. Environ. Change 17 (2017), 1053–1064.
Ward, P.S., Singh, V., Using field experiments to elicit risk and ambiguity preferences: behavioural factors and the adoption of new agricultural technologies in rural India. J. Dev. Stud. 51:6 (2015), 1–18.
Winter, S.J., Prozesky, H., Esler, K.J., A case study of landholder attitudes and behaviour toward the conservation of renosterveld, a critically endangered vegetation type in Cape Floral Kingdom, South Africa. Environ. Manage. 40 (2007), 46–61.
Zabihi, M., Pourghasemi, H.R., Motevalli, A., Zakeri, M.A., Gully erosion modeling using GIS-based data mining techniques in Northern Iran: a comparison between boosted regression tree and multivariate adaptive regression spline. Pourghasemi, H., Rossi, M., (eds.) Natural Hazards GIS-Based Spatial Modeling Using Data Mining Techniques. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, vol. 48, 2019, Springer, Cham.
Zarea Khormizi, M., Najafinejad, A., Noura, N., Kavian, A., The Effects of Soil Properties on Runoff and Soil Loss Generation in the Farm Lands of the Chehel-Chai Watershed, Golestan Province. JWSS. 17:64 (2013), 173–183 (in Persian).
Zegeye, A.D., Steenhuis, T.S., Blake, R.W., Kidnau, S., Collick, A.S., Dadgari, F., Assessment of soil erosion processes and farmer perception of land conservation in Debre Mewi watershed near Lake Tana. Ethiopia. Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol. 10:2 (2010), 297–306.