Bonding capital; Coastal communities; Resilience building; Social assets; Vulnerable communities; Geography, Planning and Development; Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law
Abstract :
[en] Climate change-induced disasters, such as floods, are threatening coastal communities, particularly vulnerable communities in developing countries, around the world. While various tools and measures are under examination for building and enhancing resilience capacity in order to improve the preparedness of these communities for future events, social capital has been shown to influence how local communities can be resilient using their social connectedness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of social capital in informing and improving the resilience capacity process of coastal communities in northern Iran. This study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and analyzed a number of social capital indicators in the study area in a field survey using questionnaires and techniques of inferential statistics (i.e., Pearson correlation and T-test). For this reason, 376 residents from the towns that sustained the largest human and financial losses were chosen for examination. The results showed that bonding capital has a considerable effect on the community's resilience capacity. Moreover, some social capital criteria, including respect for the rights of the neighbors, existence of public green space, children's playground, and planting trees, are the most important criteria in developing capacities for enhancing resilience among the residents of the community under study. This shows that developing community resilience through social ability and trust will be more successful than doing so by just raising awareness of hazard threats. This study recommends that further efforts be made to increase the capability of both formal and informal communal institutions. The structural adjustments that are necessary, on the other hand, are difficult.
Amirzadeh, Melika; Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran
Värnik, Rando; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Rural Economics, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
Pietrzykowski, Marcin; Department of Ecological Engineering and Hydrology, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland
Lopez-Carr, David; Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States
Azadi, Hossein ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Modélisation et développement ; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic ; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Language :
English
Title :
The impact of social capital on the resilience of flood-prone communities: The case study of northern Iran
Adger, W., Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change. Econ. Geol. 79:4 (2003), 387–404.
Aldrich, D.P., Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post‐Disaster Recovery. 2012, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Aldrich, D.P., Meyer, M.A., Social capital and community resilience. Am. Behav. Sci. 59:2 (2015), 254–269.
Aldrich, D.P., Meyer, M.A., Courtney, P., Social Capital and Natural Hazards Governance. 2018 Oxford Research Encyclopedia http://works.bepress.com/daniel_aldrich/43/.
Amirzadeh, M., Barakpour, N., Strategies for building community resilience against slow-onset hazards. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc., 66, 2021, 102599, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102599.
Amirzadeh, M., Sobhaninia, S., Sharifi, A., Urban resilience: a vague or an evolutionary concept?. Sustain. Cities Soc., 81, 2022, 103853, 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103853.
Amirzadeh, M., Sobhaninia, S., Buckman, S.T., Sharifi, A., Towards building resilient cities to pandemics: a review of COVID-19 literature. Sustain. Cities Soc., 89, 2023, 104326, 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104326.
Bakker, Y.W., de Koning, J., van Tatenhove, J., Resilience and social capital: the engagement of fisheries communities in marine spatial planning. Mar. Pol. 99 (2019), 132–139.
Banai, R., Pandemic and the planning of resilient cities and regions. Cities, 106, 2020, 102929.
Betzold, C., Adapting to climate change in small island developing states. Climatic Change 133:3 (2015), 481–489.
Broto, V.C., Climate change politics and the urban contexts of messy governmentalities. Territory, Politics, Govern, 8(2), 2020.
Buchori, I., Pramitasari, A., Sugiri, A., Maryono, M., Basuki, Y., Sejati, A.W., Adaptation to coastal flooding and inundation: Mitigations and migration pattern in Semarang City, Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management 163 (2018), 445–455.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Capabilities: National Standards for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Public Health. 2018, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA https://www.cdc.gov/cpr/readiness/00_docs/CDC_PreparednesResponseCapabilities_October2018_Final_508.pdf.
Chen, Q., Acey, Lara, C J J, Sustainable futures for Linden village: a model for increasing social capital and the quality of life in an urban neighborhood. Sustain. Cities Soc., 14, 2015.
Chuang, W.C., Garmestani, A., Eason, T.N., Spanbauer, T.L., Fried-Petersen, H.B., Roberts, C.P., Sundstrom, S.M., Burnett, J.L., Angeler, D.G., Chaffin, B.C., Enhancing quantitative approaches for assessing community resilience. J. Environ. Manag. 213 (2018), 353–362.
Comfort, N., The science of human perfection: how genes became the heart of American medicine, 2012, Yale University Press.
Comfort, L.K., Waugh, W.L., Cigler, B.A., Emergency management research and practice in public administration: Emergence, evolution, expansion, and future directions. Public Administration Review 72:4 (2012), 539–547.
Crncević, T., Lovren, V.O., Displacement and climate change: improving planning policy and increasing community resilience. Int. J. of Climate Change Strateg and Manage. 10:1 (2018), 105–120.
Esmaili, R., Taheri, M., Evaluation of flood hazards areas with fuzzy approach, Case study: downstream of Neka catchment, Mazandaran province. J. Nat. Environ. Hazards, 2022, 1 1.
Fooladian, A., Comparative Assessment of the Floods Occurred in the North of Iran, Case Study of 1999 Floods in Neka City in Mazandaran Province and Floods in 2005 in Kalaleh City in Golestan Province, Paper Presented in 6th International Conference on Integrated Natural Disaster Management (INDM2014), 2014.
Fraser, T., Japanese social capital and social vulnerability indices: measuring drivers of community resilience 2000-2017. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc., 52, 2020, 101965.
Hansen, S.W., The democratic costs of size: how increasing size affects citizen satisfaction with local government. Political Stu 63 (2015), 373–389 2015.
Hoa Sen, L.T., Bond, J., Hong Phuonga, L.T., Tran, U.C., Van Lem, N., The importance of climate change awareness for the adaptive capacity of ethnic minority farmers in the mountainous areas of Thua Thien Hue province. Local Environ., 26(2), 2020.
Hung, H., Yang, Chien Ch, Liu, Ch, Yi, C., Building resilience: mainstreaming community participation into integrated assessment of resilience to climatic hazards in metropolitan land use management. Land Use Pol. 50 (2016), 48–58.
Jensen, O., Ong, C., Collaborative action for community resilience to climate risks: opportunities and barriers. Sustainability, 12(8), 2020, 3413.
Johns, R.A., Dixon, B., Pontes, R., Tale of two neighborhoods: biophysical and socio-economic vulnerability to climate change in Pinellas County, Florida. Local Environ. 25:9 (2020), 697–724.
Jordan, J.C., Swimming alone? The role of social capital in enhancing local resilience to climate stress: a case study from Bangladesh. Clim. Dev. 7:2 (2015), 110–123.
Keller, G., Statistics for Management and Economics. 2015, Abbreviated. Cengage Learning.
Kim, H.-Y., Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod 38:1 (2013), 52–54, 10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52Kulig 26.
Kim, H., Marcouiller, D.W., Natural disaster response, community resilience, and economic capacity: A case study of coastal Florida. Society & Natural Resources 29:8 (2016), 981–997.
Kulig, J.C., Edge, D.S., Townshend, I., Lightfoot, N., Reimer, W., Community resiliency: Emerging theoretical insights. Journal of Community Psychology 41:6 (2013), 758–775.
Kyne, D., Aldrich, D.P., Capturing bonding, bridging, and linking social capital through publicly available data. Risk Hazards Crisis Publ. Pol. 11 (2020), 61–86.
Larimian, T., Sadeghi, A., Measuring urban social sustainability: Scale development and validation. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48:4 (2021), 621–637.
Levin, R.I., Statistics for management. Pearson Education India. MacGillivray, B.H., 2018. Beyond social capital: the norms, belief systems, and agency embedded in social networks shape resilience to climatic and geophysical hazards. Environ. Sci. Pol. 89 (2011), 116–125.
MacGillivray, B.H., Beyond social capital: The norms, belief systems, and agency embedded in social networks shape resilience to climatic and geophysical hazards. Environmental science & policy 89 (2018), 116–125.
Mahmoody Vanolya, N., Jelokhani-Niaraki, M., The use of subjective–objective weights in GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis for flood hazard assessment: a case study in Mazandaran, Iran. Geojournal 86:1 (2021), 379–398.
Martin, S.A., A framework to understand the relationship between social factors that reduce resilience in cities: application to the City of Boston. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc. 12 (2015), 53–80.
Mavromatidi, A., Briche, E., Claeys, C., Mapping and analyzing socio-environmental vulnerability to coastal hazards induced by climate change: an application to coastal Mediterranean cities in France. Cities 72 (2018), 189–200 2018.
McEwen, L., Holmes, A., Quinn, N., Cobbing, P., Learning for resilience': developing community capital through flood action groups in urban flood risk settings with lower social capital. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc. 27 (2017), 329–342.
McPhearson, T., Andersson, E., Elmqvist, T., Frantzeskaki, N., Resilience of and through urban ecosystem services. Ecosyst. Serv. 12 (2014), 152–156.
Meerow, S., Newell, J.P., Stults, M., Defining urban resilience: a review. Landsc. Urban Plann. 147 (2016), 38–49.
Ministry of Interior., 2000. Available on: https://irandataportal.syr.edu/ministry-of-interior.
Nettleton, D., Commercial Data Mining; Processing, Analysis and Modeling for Predictive Analytics Projects. 2014, Elsevier, 10.1016/C2013-0-00263-0.
Nieuwenhuis, J., Neighborhood social capital and adolescents' individual health development. Soc. Sci. Med., 265, 2020, 113417.
Omolo, N., Mafongoya, P.L., Gender, social capital and adaptive capacity to climate variability A case of pastoralists in arid and semi-arid regions in Kenya. Int. J. Climate Change Strateg. and Manage. 11:5 (2019), 744–758.
Panday, S., Rushton, S., Karki, J., Balen, J., Barnes, A., The role of social capital in disaster resilience in remote communities after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc., 55, 2021, 102112.
Pasquini, L., Cowling, R.M., Opportunities and challenges for mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation in local government: evidence from the Western Cape, South Africa. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 17:5 (2015), 1121–1140.
Patel, M.R., Calhoon, J.H., Dehmer, G.J., Grantham, J.A., Maddox, T.M., Maron, D.J., Smith, P.K., ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/STS 2017 appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization in patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology appropriate use criteria task force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. and Society of Thoracic … Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 69:17 (2017), 2212–2241.
Pazhuhan, M., Institutionalizing Urban Climate Governance in the Global South? Evidence from Tehran Urban Management. 2023, Climate and Development, Iran, 10.1080/17565529.2022.2161298.
Petzold, J., Limitations and opportunities of social capital for adaptation to climate change: a case study on the isles of scilly. Geol. J. 182:2 (2016), 123–134.
Pfefferbaum, B., Van Horn, R.L., Pfefferbaum, R.L., A conceptual framework to enhance community resilience using social capital. Clin. Soc. Work. J., 10, 2015.
Platts-Fowler, D., Robinson, D., Community resilience: a policy tool for local government. Local Govern. Stud. 42:5 (2016), 762–784.
Qazlbash, S.K., Zubair, M., Manzoor, S.A., ul Haq, A., Baloch, M.S., Socioeconomic determinants of climate change adaptations in the flood-prone rural community of Indus Basin, Pakistan. Environ. Dev., 37, 2021, 100603.
Rowan, S., Kwiatkowski, K., Assessing the relationship between social vulnerability, social capital, and housing resilience. Sustain. Times, 12(18), 2020, 7718.
Samaddar, S., Oteng-Ababio, M., Dayour, F., Ayaribila, A., Obeng, F.K., Ziem, R., Yokomatsu, M., Successful community participation in climate change adaptation programs: on whose terms environ. Manage 67 (2021), 747–762.
Sapountzaki, K., Resilience for all’’ and ‘‘Collective resilience’’: are these planning objectives consistent with one another?. Gasparini, P., Manfredi, G., Asprone, D., (eds.) Resilience and Sustainability in Relation to Natural Disasters: A Challenge for Future Cities, 2014, Springer Briefs in Earth Sciences, Cham, 39–53, 10.1177/0956247807076725.
Scherzer, S., Lujala, P., Ketil Rød, J., Community resilience index for Norway: an adaptation of the baseline resilience criteria for communities (BRIC). Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc., 2019, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101107.
Schwan, S., Yu, X., Social protection as a strategy to address climate-induced migration. Int. J. Climate Change Strateg. and Manage. 10:1 (2018), 43–64.
Sharifi, A., Yamagata, Y., On the suitability of assessment tools for guiding communities towards disaster resilience. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc. 18 (2016), 115–124.
Sobhaninia, S., Buckman, S. Th, Revisiting and adapting the Kates-Pijawka disaster recovery model: a reconfigured emphasis on anticipation, equity, and resilience. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc., 69, 2022, 102738.
Sobhaninia, S., Amirzadeh, M., Lauria, M., Sharifi, A., The relationship between place identity and community resilience: evidence from local communities in Isfahan, Iran. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc., 90, 2023, 103675, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103675.
Statistical Centre of Iran. Statistical Yearbook. 2017, Data Publishing Department, Tehran, Iran 2016 https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Iran-Statistical-Yearbook/Statistical-Yearbook-2015-2016.
Steinmo, M., Rasmussen, E., The interplay of cognitive and relational social capital dimensions in university-industry collaboration: overcoming the experience barrier. Res. Pol. 47:10 (2018), 1964–1974.
Straub, A.M., Gray, B.J., Ritchie, L.A., Gill, D.A., Cultivating disaster resilience in rural Oklahoma: community disenfranchisement and relational aspects of social capital. J. Rural Stud. 73 (2020), 105–113.
Tammar, A., Abosuliman, S.S., Rahaman, K.R., Social capital and disaster resilience nexus: a study of flash flood recovery in jeddah city. Sustainability, 12(11), 2020, 4668.
Torabi, E., Dedekorkut-Howes, A., Howes, M., Adapting or maladapting: building resilience to climate-related disasters in coastal cities. Cities 72 (2018), 295–309.
Ungar, M., Community resilience for youth and families: facilitative physical and social capital in contexts of adversity. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 33 (2011), 1742–1748.
Walton, A.A., Marr, J., Cahillane, M.J., Bush, K., Building community resilience to disasters: a review of interventions to improve and measure public health outcomes in the northeastern United States. Sustainability, 13(21), 2021, 11699.
Wickes, R., Zahnow, R., Taylor, M., Piquero, A.R., Neighborhood structure, social capital, and community resilience: longitudinal evidence from the 2011 Brisbane flood disaster. Soc. Sci. Q. 96:2 (2015), 330–353.
Wilson, G.A., Schermer, M., Stotten, R., The resilience and vulnerability of remote mountain communities: the case of Vent, Austrian Alps. Land Use Pol. 71 (2018), 372–383.
Yamamoto, L., Serraglio, D.A., de Salles Cavedon-Capdeville, F., Human mobility in the context of climate change and disasters: a South American approach. Int. J. Climate Change Strat. Manag., 2017, 10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2017-0069.September,IJCCSM-03-2017-0069.
Zemigala, M., Business and climate change-research tendencies. Environ. Dev., 42, 2022, 100696.
