Accessibility; Availability; Chronically food-insecure; Stability; Transitory food-insecure; Utilization; Food Science; Ecology; Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality; Safety Research
Abstract :
[en] The aim of this study was to create a composite food security index that takes into account the four aspects of food security, which are availability, accessibility, usage, and stability, and to analyze how families' food security status changes over time. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods were used to create food security indices for each dimension of households. The results of the aggregate food security indices showed that in 2013, 2015, and 2018, 44%, 57%, and 45% of households, respectively, were food secure. Only 20% of households had consistent food security, while 67% had transitory food insecurity, meaning they had at least one instance of it during the study period. The remaining 13% of households were labeled as having chronic food insecurity because they experienced it continuously during the course of the research.
Disciplines :
Agriculture & agronomy
Author, co-author :
Adem, Mohammed; College of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
Cochrane, Logan; Global and International Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
Miceikienė, Astrida; Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
Skominas, Rytis; Bioeconomy Research Institute, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
Azadi, Hossein ; Université de Liège - ULiège > TERRA Research Centre > Modélisation et développement ; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic ; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Language :
English
Title :
The dynamics of multidimensional food security in rural Ethiopia
Anand, S., Sen, A., Concepts or Human Development and Poverty! A Multidimensional Perspective. 1997, United Nations Development Programme, Poverty and Human Development: Human Development Papers, 1–20.
Andrews, S.O., Assessing Food Insecurity Using Public Health Data. 2021, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University.
Andualem, Z., Dagne, H., Azene, Z.N., Taddese, A.A., Dagnew, B., Fisseha, R., Yeshaw, Y., Households access to improved drinking water sources and toilet facilities in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis based on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. BMJ Open, 11(3), 2021, e042071.
Ansah, I.G.K., Gardebroek, C., Ihle, R., Resilience and household food security: a review of concepts, methodological approaches and empirical evidence. Food Secur. 11:6 (2019), 1187–1203.
Antony, G., Rao, K.V., A composite index to explain variations in poverty, health, nutritional status and standard of living: use of multivariate statistical methods. Publ. Health 121:8 (2007), 578–587.
Apampa, O., Food Security and the Climate Crisis: A Data Driven Analysis of the Nigerian Situation from 2011 to 2020. 2021.
Artoni, F., Delorme, A., Makeig, S., Applying dimension reduction to EEG data by Principal Component Analysis reduces the quality of its subsequent Independent Component decomposition. Neuroimage 175 (2018), 176–187.
Babych, M., Kovalenko, A., Food security indicators in Ukraine: current state and trends of development. Baltic J. Econ. Stud. 4:1 (2018), 8–15.
Bogale, B., Gutema, B.T., Chisha, Y., Prevalence of stunting and its associated factors among children of 6–59 Months in arba minch health and demographic surveillance site (HDSS), southern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. J. Environ. Public Health, 2020, 2020.
Caccavale, O.M., Giuffrida, V., The Proteus composite index: towards a better metric for global food security. World Dev., 126, 2020, 104709.
Cafiero, C., Viviani, S., Nord, M., Food security measurement in a global context: the food insecurity experience scale. Measurement 116 (2018), 146–152.
Chung, A., Son, J.W., Lee, H., The effect of partisan identity on individual's economic and political attitudes: an empirical analysis on the South Korean case. Korea Obs. 52:2 (2021), 181–210.
Cochrane, L., Stages of food security: a co-produced mixed methods methodology. Prog. Dev. Stud. 17:4 (2017), 291–306.
Cochrane, L., Ethiopia and Food Security: What We Know, How We Know it, and Future Options. 2021, Loyola University & Tsehai Publishers: Los Angeles & Addis Ababa.
Cochrane, L., Cafer, A., Does diversification enhance community resilience? A critical perspective. Resilience 6:2 (2018), 129–143.
Cochrane, L., Thornton, A., Individual and institutional drivers of inequality in rural agricultural contexts: evidence from southern Ethiopia. NE Afr. Stud. 21:1 (2021), 19–44.
De Waal, A., Mass Starvation: the History and Future of Famine. 2017, John Wiley & Sons.
Dessalegn, B., Transitory coping strategies of food-insecure smallholder farmer households: the case of ilu gelan district, west shoa zone, Oromia reginal state, Ethiopia. Agric. Food Secur. 7:1 (2018), 1–11.
Díaz-Bonilla, E., Food Security Stocks and the WTO Legal Framework. 2017, Agriculture, Development, 285.
Dimova, R., The Welfare Impact of Rising Food Prices. 2015, Retrieved from University of Manchester, UK, and IZA, Germany https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/135/pdfs/welfare-impact-of-rising-food-prices.pdf.
FAO. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Food Security Strategy. 2017 Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-aq402e.pdf.
FAO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. 2022, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Gebre, G.G., Isoda, H., Amekawa, Y., Nomura, H., Watanabe, T., What explains gender gaps in household food security? Evidence from maize farm households in Southern Ethiopia. Soc. Indicat. Res. 155:1 (2021), 281–314.
Greco, S., Ishizaka, A., Tasiou, M., Torrisi, G., On the methodological framework of composite indices: a review of the issues of weighting, aggregation, and robustness. Soc. Indicat. Res. 141:1 (2019), 61–94.
Holden, S.T., Tilahun, M., Farm size and gender distribution of land: evidence from Ethiopian land registry data. World Dev., 130, 2020, 104926.
Houweling, T.A., Kunst, A.E., Mackenbach, J.P., Measuring health inequality among children in developing countries: does the choice of the indicator of economic status matter?. Int. J. Equity Health, 2(1), 2003, 8.
Ibok, O.W., Osbahr, H., Srinivasan, C., Advancing a new index for measuring household vulnerability to food insecurity. Food Pol. 84 (2019), 10–20.
Iqbal, A., He, L., Khan, A., Wei, S., Akhtar, K., Ali, I., Jiang, L., Organic manure coupled with inorganic fertilizer: an approach for the sustainable production of rice by improving soil properties and nitrogen use efficiency. Agronomy, 9(10), 2019, 651.
Jacknowitz, A., Morrissey, T., Brannegan, A., Food insecurity across the first five years: triggers of onset and exit. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 53 (2015), 24–33.
Jiang, Q., Liu, Z., Liu, W., Li, T., Cong, W., Zhang, H., Shi, J., A principal component analysis based three-dimensional sustainability assessment model to evaluate corporate sustainable performance. J. Clean. Prod. 187 (2018), 625–637.
Kaiser, H.F., An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika 39:1 (1974), 31–36.
Krishna, A., One Illness Away. 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Kumari, P., Gupta, N., Kaur, A., Singh, K., Application of principal component analysis and correlation for assessing groundwater contamination in and around municipal solid waste landfill of Ghazipur, Delhi. J. Geol. Soc. India 94:6 (2019), 595–604.
Lasisi, A., Attoh-Okine, N., Principal components analysis and track quality index: a machine learning approach. Transport. Res. C Emerg. Technol. 91 (2018), 230–248.
Lentz, E.C., Michelson, H., Baylis, K., Zhou, Y., A data-driven approach improves food insecurity crisis prediction. World Dev. 122 (2019), 399–409.
Lever, J., Krzywinski, M., Altman, N., Points of significance: principal component analysis. Nat. Methods 14:7 (2017), 641–643.
Libório, M.P., da Silva Martinuci, O., Machado, A.M.C., Machado-Coelho, T.M., Laudares, S., Bernardes, P., Principal component analysis applied to multidimensional social indicators longitudinal studies: limitations and possibilities. Geojournal, 2020, 1–16.
Lin, S.Y., The evolution of food security governance and food sovereignty movement in China: an analysis from the world society theory. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 30:5 (2017), 667–695.
Manaloor, V., Radhakrishnan, K., Raghu, P., Arivudai Nambi, V., Kalaiselvan, N., Measuring the economic status of different caste groups in rural India: an application of principal component analysis. Indian J. Econ. Dev., 9, 2021.
Mares, T.M., 2. More than money: extending the meanings and methodologies of farmworker food security. Life on the Other Border, 2019, University of California Press, 55–84.
McKenzie, D.J., Measuring inequality with asset indicators. J. Popul. Econ. 18:2 (2005), 229–260.
Miani, A.M., Dehkordi, M.K., Siamian, N., Lassois, L., Tan, R., Azadi, H., Toward sustainable rural livelihoods approach: application of grounded theory in Ghazni province, Afghanistan. Appl. Geogr., 154, 2023, 102915.
Mohamed, A.A., Food security situation in Ethiopia: a review study. Int. J. High Energy Phys. 2:3 (2017), 86–96.
Muema, F.M., Home, P.G., Raude, J.M., Application of benchmarking and principal component analysis in measuring performance of public irrigation schemes in Kenya. Agriculture, 8(10), 2018, 162.
Napoli, M., De Muro, P., Mazziotta, M., Towards a Food Insecurity Multidimensional Index (FIMI). 2011, Universiti Deglistudi Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ERP/uni/FIMI.pdf.
Narayanan, S., Lentz, E., Fontana, M., De, A., Kulkarni, B., Developing the women's empowerment in nutrition index in two states of India. Food Pol., 89, 2019, 101780.
Nyasha, S., Gwenhure, Y., Odhiambo, N.M., Poverty and economic growth in Ethiopia: a multivariate causal linkage. J. Develop. Area. 51:1 (2017), 343–359.
Oxfam. (2016). El Nino in Ethiopia:Programme observations on the impact of the Ethiopia drought and recommendations for action Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-el-ni-o-emergency-fast-facts-june-2016.
Perez-Escamilla, R., Gubert, M.B., Rogers, B., Hromi-Fiedler, A., Food security measurement and governance: assessment of the usefulness of diverse food insecurity indicators for policy makers. Global Food Secur. 14 (2017), 96–104.
Petrescu-Mag, R.M., Petrescu, D.C., Reti, K.-O., My land is my food: exploring social function of large land deals using food security–land deals relation in five Eastern European countries. Land Use Pol. 82 (2019), 729–741.
Qiuhong, J., Zhichao, L., Weiwei, L., Tao, L., Weilong, C., Hongchao, Z., Shi, J., A principal component analysis based three-dimensional sustainability assessment model to evaluate corporate sustainable performance. J. Clean. Prod. 187 (2018), 625–637.
Rahman, A.S., Rahman, A., Application of principal component analysis and cluster analysis in regional flood frequency analysis: a case study in New South Wales, Australia. Water, 12(3), 2020, 781.
Reincke, K., Vilvert, E., Fasse, A., Graef, F., Sieber, S., Lana, M.A., Key factors influencing food security of smallholder farmers in Tanzania and the role of cassava as a strategic crop. Food Secur. 10:4 (2018), 911–924.
Salvatore, G., Alessio, I., Menelaos, T., Gianpiero, T., On the methodological framework of composite indices: a review of the issues of weighting, aggregation, and robustness. Soc. Indicat. Res. 141 (2019), 61–94.
Santos, R.d.O., Gorgulho, B.M., Castro, M.A.d., Fisberg, R.M., Marchioni, D.M., Baltar, V.T., Principal component analysis and factor analysis: differences and similarities in nutritional epidemiology application. Rev. Bras. Epidemiol, 22, 2019, e190041.
Sileshi, M., Kadigi, R., Mutabazi, K., Sieber, S., Analysis of households' vulnerability to food insecurity and its influencing factors in East Hararghe, Ethiopia. J. Econ. Struct. 8:1 (2019), 1–17.
Taylor, S.F., Roberts, M.J., Milligan, B., Ncwadi, R., Measurement and implications of marine food security in the Western Indian Ocean: an impending crisis?. Food Secur. 11:6 (2019), 1395–1415.
UNDP. Country economic profile of Ethiopia. Retrieved from Addis Ababa: http://www.et.undp.org/content/dam/ethiopia/docs/Country%20Economic%20Brief%201%20final%20for%20web.pdf, 2016.
Upton, J.B., Cissé, J.D., Barrett, C.B., Food security as resilience: reconciling definition and measurement. Agric. Econ. 47:S1 (2016), 135–147.
Usman, M.A., Callo-Concha, D., Does market access improve dietary diversity and food security? Evidence from Southwestern Ethiopian smallholder coffee producers. Agric. Food Econ. 9:1 (2021), 1–21.
Vaitla, B., Coates, J., Glaeser, L., Hillbruner, C., Biswal, P., Maxwell, D., The measurement of household food security: correlation and latent variable analysis of alternative indicators in a large multi-country dataset. Food Pol. 68 (2017), 193–205.
Von Grebmer, K., Bernstein, J., Hossain, N., Brown, T., Prasai, N., Yohannes, Y., Towey, O., 2017 Global Hunger Index: the Inequalities of Hunger. 2017, Intl Food Policy Res Inst.
Vyas, S., Kumaranayake, L., Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Pol. Plann. 21:6 (2006), 459–468.
Weatherspoon, D.D., Miller, S., Ngabitsinze, J.C., Weatherspoon, L.J., Oehmke, J.F., Stunting, food security, markets and food policy in Rwanda. BMC Publ. Health 19:1 (2019), 1–13.
Wolle, A., Hirvonen, K., de Brauw, A., Baye, K., Abate, G.T., Household Food Consumption Patterns in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. vol. 139, 2020, Intl Food Policy Res Inst.
World Bank. Rural Population (% of the Total Population). 2023 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ET.
Xie, X., Principal Component Analysis. 2019.
Zeller, M., Sharma, M., Henry, C., Lapenu, C., An operational method for assessing the poverty outreach performance of development policies and projects: results of case studies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. World Dev. 34:3 (2006), 446–464.
