archeology; cultural heritage; dendroarchaeology; dendrochronology; felling dates; historical demography; history; Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics; Ecology
Abstract :
[en] Although variations in building activity are a useful indicator of societal well-being and demographic development, historical datasets for larger regions and longer periods are still rare. Here, we present 54,045 annually precise dendrochronological felling dates from historical construction timber from across most of Europe between 1250 and 1699 CE to infer variations in building activity. We use geostatistical techniques to compare spatiotemporal dynamics in past European building activity against independent demographic, economic, social and climatic data. We show that the felling dates capture major geographical patterns of demographic trends, especially in regions with dense data coverage. A particularly strong negative association is found between grain prices and the number of felling dates. In addition, a significant positive association is found between the number of felling dates and mining activity. These strong associations, with well-known macro-economic indicators from pre-industrial Europe, corroborate the use of felling dates as an independent source for exploring large-scale fluctuations of societal well-being and demographic development. Three prominent examples are the building boom in the Hanseatic League region of northeastern Germany during the 13th century, the onset of the Late Medieval Crisis in much of Europe c. 1300, and the cessation of building activity in large parts of central Europe during armed conflicts such as the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648 CE). Despite new insights gained from our European-wide felling date inventory, further studies are needed to investigate changes in construction activity of high versus low status buildings, and of urban versus rural buildings, and to compare those results with a variety of historical documentary sources and natural proxy archives.
Disciplines :
Archaeology
Author, co-author :
Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier; Department of History, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden ; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden ; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
Seim, Andrea; Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Tegel, Willy; Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ; Amt für Archäologie, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
Krusic, Paul J.; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Baittinger, Claudia; National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Belingard, Christelle; GEOLAB, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
Bernabei, Mauro; Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council, Trento, Italy
Bonde, Niels; National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Houbrechts, David; Association du Patrimoine Artistique, Brussels, Belgium
Kaczka, Ryszard J.; Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
Kolář, Tomáš; Department of Wood Science and Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic ; CzechGlobe Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
Labbas, Vincent ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Art, Archéologie et Patrimoine (AAP) ; Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA), Brussels, Belgium
Lagerås, Per; The Archaeologists, National Historical Museums, Lund, Sweden
Le Digol, Yannick; DendroTech, Betton, France
Le Roy, Melaine; Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Leuschner, Hanns Hubert; Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
Linderson, Hans; The Laboratory for Wood Anatomy and Dendrochronology, Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Ludlow, Francis; Department of History and Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, School of Histories and Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland ; Department of History, Harvard University Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
Marais, Axel; DendroTech, Betton, France
Mills, Coralie M.; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom ; Dendrochronicle, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Nicolussi, Kurt; Department of Geography, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
Perrault, Christophe; Centre d’Etudes en Dendrochronologie et de Recherche en Ecologie et Paléo-Ecologie, Besançon, France
Pfeifer, Klaus; Labor für Dendrochronologie, Egg, Austria
Rybníček, Michal; Department of Wood Science and Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic ; CzechGlobe Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
Svarva, Helene Løvstrand; The National Laboratory for Age Determination, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Thun, Terje; The National Laboratory for Age Determination, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Walder, Felix; Competence Center for Underwater Archaeology and Dendrochronology, Zurich, Switzerland
Ważny, Tomasz; Centre for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Faculty of Fine Arts, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Werthe, Elise; DendroTech, Betton, France
Westphal, Thorsten; Laboratory of Dendroarchaeology, Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Wilson, Rob; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
Büntgen, Ulf; Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland ; CzechGlobe Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic ; Department of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
FCL and AS were supported by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsr\u00E5det, grant no. 2018-01272). FCL conducted the work with this article as a Pro Futura Scientia XIII Fellow funded by the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study through Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. WT was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, TE 613/3-1). AD received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 677152). AH was supported by Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (grant no. IN20-0026). MD-D was funded by the Dutch Research Council (Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, grant no. 016.Veni.195.502). TK, MR, and UB were supported the SustES project \u2013 \u201CAdaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions\u201D (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797). LS was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy \u2013 EXC 2150 ROOTS \u2013 390870439. FL was supported by a European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant (4-OCEANS; grant agreement no. 951649) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.
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