methods: data analysis; planet-star interactions; planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability; planets and satellites: gaseous planets; techniques: photometric; Jupiters; Methods. Data analysis; Orbital decay; Planet and satellite: gaseous planet; Planet-star interactions; Planets and satellites; Planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stabilities; Techniques: photometric; Timing variations; Transit timing; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] Context. Hot Jupiters (HJs) with close-by planetary companions are rare, with only a handful of them having been discovered so far. This could be due to their suggested dynamical histories, which lead to the possible ejection of other planets. TOI-2109 b is special in this regard because it is the HJ with the closest relative separation from its host star, being separated by less than 2.3 stellar radii. Unexpectedly, transit timing measurements from recently obtained CHEOPS observations show low-amplitude transit-timing variations (TTVs). Aims. We aim to search for signs of orbital decay and to characterise the apparent TTVs in an attempt to gain information about a possible companion. Methods. We fitted the newly obtained CHEOPS light curves using TLCM and extracted the resulting mid-transit timings. Successively, we used these measurements in combination with TESS and archival photometric data and radial velocity (RV) data to estimate the rate of tidal orbital decay of TOI-2109 b, and also to characterise the TTVs using the N-body code TRADES and the photo-dynamical approach of PyTTV. Results. We find tentative evidence at 3σ for orbital decay in the TOI-2109 system when we correct the mid-transit timings using the best-fitting sinusoidal model of the TTVs. We do not detect additional transits in the available photometric data, but find evidence supporting the authenticity of the apparent TTVs, indicating a close-by, outer companion with Pc > 1.125 d. Due to the fast rotation of the star, the new planetary candidate cannot be detected in the available RV measurements, and its parameters can only be loosely constrained by our joint TTV and RV modelling. Conclusions. TOI-2109 could join a small group of rare HJ systems that host close-by planetary companions, only one of which (WASP-47 b) has an outer companion. More high-precision photometric measurements are necessary to confirm the existence of this planetary companion.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Harre, J.-V. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Smith, A.M.S. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Barros, S.C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Singh, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Korth, J. ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Brandeker, A. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Cameron, A. Collier ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Lendl, M. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Wilson, T.G. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Borsato, L. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Csizmadia, Sz. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cabrera, J. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Parviainen, H. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
Correia, A.C.M. ; CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Akinsanmi, B. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Rosario, N. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Leonardi, P. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Serrano, L.M. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Alibert, Y. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Alonso, R. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Asquier, J.; European Space Agency (ESA), ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands
Bárczy, T. ; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Navascues, D. Barrado ; Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, Madrid, Spain
Baumjohann, W. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Benz, W. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Billot, N. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Broeg, C. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Busch, M.-D.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Cubillos, P.E.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese To, Italy
Davies, M.B. ; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M. ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Deline, A.; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Delrez, L. ; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, B.-O. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Derekas, A. ; ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary
Edwards, B. ; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, Netherlands
Ehrenreich, D. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l’Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
Erikson, A.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Fortier, A. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fossati, L. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, M. ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Gandolfi, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Gazeas, K. ; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, University Campus, Athens, Greece
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Güdel, M. ; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Heitzmann, A. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Helling, Ch.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Isaak, K.G. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Kiss, L.L. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, Hungary
Lam, K.W.F. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J. ; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
Etangs, A. Lecavelier des ; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Magrin, D. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Maxted, P.F.L. ; Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Merín, B. ; European Space Agency, ESA – European Space Astronomy Centre, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
Mordasini, C. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Nascimbeni, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, G. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Ottensamer, R.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Peter, G. ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piazza, D.; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Piotto, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, D. ; ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ragazzoni, R. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, N.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, I. ; Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Santos, N.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Ségransan, D. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, A.E. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Sulis, S. ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Udry, S. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ulmer, B.; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Venturini, J. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Villaver, E.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Viotto, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Walton, N.A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
West, R. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom ; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Westerdorff, K.; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
The authors thank the anonymous referee for their helpful comments, which helped to improve the clarity of the manuscript. CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive ( https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/ ). JVH is funded by the DFG priority programme SPP 1992 \u201CExploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets (SM 486/2-1)\u201D. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. LBo, GBr, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, GSc, VSi, and TZi acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. ABr was supported by the SNSA. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. ACMC acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. C.B. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142531. This work was supported by FCT \u2013 Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O. D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D. M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. A. S. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. JV acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. This work made use of the Python libraries NumPy (Harris et al. 2020), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), corner (Foreman-Mackey 2016), and Astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2022).The authors thank the anonymous referee for their helpful comments, which helped to improve the clarity of the manuscript. CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive (https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/). JVH is funded by the DFG priority programme SPP 1992 \u201CExploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets (SM 486/2-1)\u201D. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. LBo, GBr, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, GSc, VSi, and TZi acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. ABr was supported by the SNSA. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. ACMC acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OBC32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OBC32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. C.B. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142531. This work was supported by FCT \u2013 Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O. D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D. M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. A. S. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. JV acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. This work made use of the Python libraries NumPy (Harris et al. 2020), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), corner (Foreman-Mackey 2016), and Astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2022).
Commentary :
Accepted for publication in A&A. 21 pages, 21 figures
