planets and satellites: atmospheres; planets and satellites: detection; planets and satellites: gaseous planets; planets and satellites: individual: WASP-3b; techniques: photometric; Jupiters; Pass bands; Planet and satellite: gaseous planet; Planet and satellite: individual: WASP-3b; Planets and satellites; Planets and satellites: atmospheres; Planets and satellites: detections; Planets and satellites: individual; Spitzer; Techniques: photometric; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP
Abstract :
[en] Context. Hot Jupiters are giant planets subject to intense stellar radiation. The physical and chemical properties of their atmosphere make them the most amenable targets for atmospheric characterization. Aims. In this paper we analyze the photometry collected during the secondary eclipses of the hot Jupiter WASP-3 b by CHEOPS, TESS, and Spitzer. Our aim is to characterize the atmosphere of the planet by measuring the secondary eclipse depth in several passbands and constrain the planetary dayside spectrum. Methods. We updated the radius and the ephemeris of WASP-3 b by analyzing the transit photometry collected by CHEOPS and TESS. We also analyzed the CHEOPS, TESS, and Spitzer photometry of the occultations of the planet, measuring the eclipse depth at different wavelengths. Results. Our update of the stellar and planetary properties is consistent with previous works. The analysis of the occultations returns an eclipse depth of 92±21 ppm in the CHEOPS passband, 83±27 ppm for TESS, and >2000 ppm in the IRAC 1-2-4 Spitzer passbands. Using the eclipse depths in the Spitzer bands, we propose a set of likely emission spectra that constrain the emission contribution in the CHEOPS and TESS passbands to approximately a few dozen parts per million. This allowed us to measure a geometric albedo of 0.21±0.07 in the CHEOPS passband, while the TESS data lead to a 95% upper limit of ∼0.2. Conclusions. WASP-3 b belongs to the group of ultra-hot Jupiters that are characterized by a low Bond albedo (<0.3±0.1), as predicted by different atmospheric models. On the other hand, it seems to efficiently recirculate the absorbed stellar energy, which is not typical for similar, highly irradiated planets. To explain this inconsistency, we propose that other energy recirculation mechanisms are at play besides advection (for example, the dissociation and recombination of H2). Another possibility is that the observations in different bandpasses probe different atmospheric layers; this would make the atmospheric analysis difficult without an appropriate modeling of the thermal emission spectrum of WASP-3 b, which is not feasible with the limited spectroscopic data available to date.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
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Carone, L. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Cubillos, P.E.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese To, Italy
Maxted, P.F.L. ; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Zingales, T. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Heitzmann, A. ; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Lendl, M. ; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Wilson, T.G. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Bonfanti, A. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Bruno, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Krenn, A. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Valdes, E. Meier ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Singh, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Swayne, M.I. ; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom ; SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Alibert, Y. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Alonso, R. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Bárczy, T. ; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Navascues, D. Barrado ; Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
Barros, S.C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Baumjohann, W. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Benz, W. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Billot, N. ; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Borsato, L. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Brandeker, A. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Broeg, C. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Buder, M. ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Busch, M.-D.; Space Research and Planetology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Cameron, A. Collier ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Correia, A.C.M. ; CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Csizmadia, Sz. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Davies, M.B. ; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M. ; Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Deline, A.; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Delrez, L. ; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, B.-O. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Derekas, A. ; ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary
Edwards, B. ; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, Netherlands
Ehrenreich, D. ; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l’Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
Erikson, A.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Farinato, J. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Fortier, A. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fossati, L. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, M. ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Gandolfi, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Gazeas, K.; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Güdel, M.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Helling, Ch.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Isaak, K.G. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Kiss, L.L. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
Korth, J. ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Lam, K.W.F. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J. ; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
des Etangs, A. Lecavelier ; Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Magrin, D. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Merín, B. ; European Space Agency, ESA - European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid, Spain
Mordasini, C. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Nascimbeni, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, G. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Ottensamer, R.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Peter, G. ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piazza, D.; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Piotto, G. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, D. ; ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ragazzoni, R. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Galileo Galilei”, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, N.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, I. ; Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Santos, N.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Ségransan, D. ; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, A.E. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Smith, A.M.S. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Sulis, S. ; Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Udry, S. ; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Venturini, J. ; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Villaver, E.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Walton, N.A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analyzed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive ( https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/ ). GSc and CSt acknowledge the long waited \u201CM\u00E3\u201D project and are speechlessly thankful to all the colleagues who have wonderfully run the project so far on their behalf (ACa, MLu and co-workers). LBo, GBr, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, GSc, VSi, and TZi acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement n. 2019-29-HH.0. LCa and ChH acknowledge the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON), and the HPC facilities of the Vienna Science Cluster (VSC project 72245). P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. TZi acknowledges NVIDIA Academic Hardware Grant Program for the use of the Titan V GPU card and the Italian MUR Departments of Excellence grant 2023\u20132027 \u201CQuantum Frontiers\u201D. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Inno- vaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Gener- alitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. ABr was supported by the SNSA. C.B. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. ACMC acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. A.C., A.D., B.E., K.G., and J.K. acknowledge their role as ESA- appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. This project was supported by the CNES. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142531. This work was supported by FCT \u2013 Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D. M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemein- schaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. A. S. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. JV acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. E.V. acknowledges support from the \u2019DISCOBOLO\u2019 project funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00F3n y Universidades under grant PID2021-127289NB-I00. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and operated by the California Institute of Technology. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA\u2019s Science Mission Directorate.
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