BAL effect in quasars due to source orientation

We investigated a scenario where the presence of a broad absorption line
(BAL) feature in quasars (QSOs) is contingent upon the line of sight being
situated within an outflow cone emanating from the source. We examined the
mechanism of dust-driven winds based on the failed radiatively accelerated
dusty outflow (FRADO) model proposed by Czerny & Hryniewicz, letting it be
responsible for the formation of massive outflow. We calculated the probability
of observing the BAL effect from the geometry of outflow which is a function of
global parameters of black hole mass (M$_{BH}$), Eddington ratio
($\alpha_{Edd}$), and metallicity (Z). We then compared the results with
prevalence of BAL QSOs in a sample of observational data from SDSS. The
consistency of our model with the data supports the interpretation of the BAL
phenomenon as a result of source orientation, rather than a transitory stage in
AGN evolution