[en] Context. We present the results of the reverberation monitoring of the MgII broad line and FeII pseudocontinuum for the luminous quasar CTS C30.10 (z=0.90052) with the Southern African Large Telescope in 2012-2021. Aims. We aimed at disentangling the MgII and UV FeII variability and the first measurement of UV FeII time delay for a distant quasar. Methods. We used several methods for the time-delay measurements and determined the FeII and MgII time delays. We also performed a wavelength-resolved time delay study for a combination of MgII and FeII in the 2700-2900 Å rest-frame wavelength range. Results. We obtain a time delay for MgII of 275.5-19.5+12.4 days in the rest frame, and we have two possible solutions of 270.0-25.3+13.8 days and 180.3-30.0+26.6 in the rest frame for FeII. Combining this result with the old measurement of FeII UV time delay for NGC 5548, we discuss for first time the radius-luminosity relation for UV FeII with the slope consistent with 0.5 within the uncertainties. Conclusions. Because the FeII time delay has a shorter time-delay component but the lines are narrower than MgII, we propose that the line-delay measurement is biased toward the part of the broad line region (BLR) facing the observer. The bulk of the FeII emission may arise from the more distant BLR region, however, the region that is shielded from the observer.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Prince, Raj; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Zajaček, Michal; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ; Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Czerny, Bozena; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Trzcionkowski, Piotr; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Bronikowski, Mateusz; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ; Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
Panda, Swayamtrupta; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ; Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ; Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica, R. Dos Estados Unidos, Itajubá, Brazil
Martinez-Aldama, Mary Loli; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ; Departamento de Astronomia, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Hryniewicz, Krzysztof; National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
Kumar Jaiswal, Vikram; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Śniegowska, Marzena; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ; Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Naddaf Moghaddam, Mohammad Hassan ; Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Bilicki, Maciej; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
This paper uses observations made at the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO). The project is based on observations made with the SALT under programs 2012-2-POL-003, 2013-1-POL-RSA- 002, 2013-2-POL-RSA-001, 2014-1-POL-RSA-001, 2014-2-SCI-004, 2015-1-SCI-006, 2015-2-SCI-017, 2016-1-SCI-011, 2016-2-SCI-024, 2017-1-SCI-009, 2017-2-SCI-033, 2018-1-MLT-004 (PI: B. Czerny). The project was partially supported by the Polish Funding Agency National Science Centre, project 2017/26/A/ST9/00756 (MAESTRO 9), and MNiSW grant DIR/WK/2018/12. Some of the observations reported in this paper were obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). Polish participation in SALT is funded by grant No. MNiSW DIR/WK/2016/07. The authors also acknowledge the Czech-Polish mobility program (MŠMT 8J20PL037 and NAWA PPN/BCZ/2019/1/00069). MZ acknowledges the financial support of the GAČR EXPRO grant No. 21-13491X “Exploring the Hot Universe and Understanding Cosmic Feedback”. SP acknowledges financial support from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fellowship (164753/2020-6). MLM-A acknowledges financial support from Millenium Nucleus NCN19_058 (TITANs).
Commentary :
22 pages, 19 Figures, 6 Tables, Published in journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics (A&A)
Alexander, T. 1997, in Astronomical Time Series, eds. D. Maoz, A. Sternberg, & E. M. Leibowitz, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 218, 163
Antonucci, R. 1993, ARA&A, 31, 473
Antonucci, R. R. J., & Miller, J. S. 1985, ApJ, 297, 621
Barth, A. J., Pancoast, A., Bennert, V. N., et al. 2013, ApJ, 769, 128
Bentz, M. C., Horne, K., Barth, A. J., et al. 2010, ApJ, 720, L46
Bentz, M. C., Denney, K. D., Grier, C. J., et al. 2013, ApJ, 767, 149
Bian, W.-H., Huang, K., Hu, C., et al. 2010, ApJ, 718, 460
Blandford, R. D., & McKee, C. F. 1982, ApJ, 255, 419
Boehle, A., Ghez, A. M., Schödel, R., et al. 2016, ApJ, 830, 17
Boroson, T. A., & Green, R. F. 1992, ApJS, 80, 109
Bruhweiler, F., & Verner, E. 2008, ApJ, 675, 83
Cackett, E. M., Bentz, M. C., & Kara, E. 2021, Iscience, 24, 102557
Chelouche, D., Pozo-Nuñez, F., & Zucker, S. 2017, ApJ, 844, 146
Crawford, S. M., Still, M., Schellart, P., et al. 2010, in Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems III, eds. D. R. Silva, A. B. Peck, B. T. Soifer, et al., SPIE Conf. Ser., 7737, 773725
Czerny, B., Hryniewicz, K., Maity, I., et al. 2013, A&A, 556, A97
Czerny, B., Olejak, A., Rałowski, M., et al. 2019, ApJ, 880, 46
Czerny, B., Martínez-Aldama, M. L., Wojtkowska, G., et al. 2021, Acta Phys. Pol. A, 139, 389
De Rosa, G., Peterson, B. M., Ely, J., et al. 2015, ApJ, 806, 128
De Rosa, G., Fausnaugh, M. M., Grier, C. J., et al. 2018, ApJ, 866, 133
Denney, K. D., Peterson, B. M., Pogge, R. W., et al. 2010, ApJ, 721, 715
Done, C., & Krolik, J. H. 1996, ApJ, 463, 144
Dong, X.-B., Ho, L. C., Wang, J.-G., et al. 2010, ApJ, 721, L143
D'Onofrio, M., Marziani, P., Sulentic, J. W., et al. 2012, in Fifty Years of Quasars: From Early Observations and Ideas to Future Research, eds. M. D'Onofrio, P. Marziani, J. W. Sulentic, et al., Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 386, 11
Du, P., & Wang, J.-M. 2019, ApJ, 886, 42
Du, P., Hu, C., Lu, K.-X., et al. 2015, ApJ, 806, 22
Du, P., Brotherton, M. S., Wang, K., et al. 2018 a, ApJ, 869, 142
Du, P., Zhang, Z.-X., Wang, K., et al. 2018 b, ApJ, 856, 6
Eckart, A., Hüttemann, A., Kiefer, C., et al. 2017, Found. Phys., 47, 553
Edelson, R. A., & Krolik, J. H. 1988, ApJ, 333, 646
Edelson, R., Turner, T. J., Pounds, K., et al. 2002, ApJ, 568, 610
EHT Collaboration (Akiyama, K., et al.) 2019 a, ApJ, 875, L1
EHT Collaboration (Akiyama, K., et al.) 2019 b, ApJ, 875, L4
Gaskell, C. M. 2009, New A Rev., 53, 140
Gaskell, C. M., & Peterson, B. M. 1987, ApJS, 65, 1
Gaskell, C. M., Bartel, K., Deffner, J. N., & Xia, I. 2021, MNRAS, 508, 6077
Gillessen, S., Plewa, P. M., Eisenhauer, F., et al. 2017, ApJ, 837, 30
Goad, M. R., Korista, K. T., Rosa, G. D., et al. 2016, ApJ, 824, 11
GRAVITY Collaboration (Abuter, R., et al.) 2018 a, A&A, 615, L15
GRAVITY Collaboration (Sturm, E., et al.) 2018 b, Nature, 563, 657
GRAVITY Collaboration (Abuter, R., et al.) 2019, The Messenger, 178, 20
GRAVITY Collaboration (Abuter, R., et al.) 2020 a, A&A, 636, L5
GRAVITY Collaboration (Amorim, A., et al.) 2020 b, A&A, 643, A154
GRAVITY Collaboration (Amorim, A., et al.) 2021, A&A, 648, A117
Grier, C. J., Peterson, B. M., Pogge, R. W., et al. 2012, ApJ, 755, 60
Grier, C. J., Pancoast, A., Barth, A. J., et al. 2017, ApJ, 849, 146
Grier, C. J., Shen, Y., Horne, K., et al. 2019, ApJ, 887, 38
Haas, M., Chini, R., Ramolla, M., et al. 2011, A&A, 535, A73
Homayouni, Y., Trump, J. R., Grier, C. J., et al. 2020, ApJ, 901, 55
Hoormann, J. K., Martini, P., Davis, T. M., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 487, 3650
Horne, K., De Rosa, G., Peterson, B. M., et al. 2021, ApJ, 907, 76
Hryniewicz, K., Bankowicz, M., Małek, K., Herzig, A., & Pollo, A. 2022, A&A, 660, A90
Hu, C., Du, P., Lu, K.-X., et al. 2015, ApJ, 804, 138
Liutyi, V. M., & Pronik, V. I. 1975, in Variable Stars and Stellar Evolution, eds. V. E. Sherwood, & L. Plaut, 67, 591
Lu, K.-X., Du, P., Hu, C., et al. 2016, ApJ, 827, 118
Maoz, D., Netzer, H., Leibowitz, E., et al. 1990, ApJ, 351, 75
Maoz, D., Netzer, H., Peterson, B. M., et al. 1993, ApJ, 404, 576
Martínez-Aldama, M. L., Czerny, B., Kawka, D., et al. 2019, ApJ, 883, 170
Martínez-Aldama, M. L., Panda, S., Czerny, B., Zajacek, M., & LSST AGN SC Collaboration 2020 a, in Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources-XIII. 3-8 June 2019 (Palermo), 10
Martínez-Aldama, M. L., Zajaček, M., Czerny, B., & Panda, S. 2020 b, ApJ, 903, 86
Marziani, P., Sulentic, J. W., Plauchu-Frayn, I., & del Olmo, A. 2013, A&A, 555, A89
Maza, J., Ruiz, M. T., Gonzalez, L. E., & Wischnjewski, M. 1988, in Progress and Opportunities in Southern Hemisphere Optical Astronomy. The CTIO 25th Anniversary Symposium, eds. V. M. Blanco, & M. M. Phillips, ASP Conf. Ser., 1, 410
Maza, J., Ruiz, M. T., Gonzalez, L. E., Wischnjewsky, M., & Antezana, R. 1993, Rev. Mexicana Astron. Astrofis., 25, 51
Mejía-Restrepo, J. E., Lira, P., Netzer, H., Trakhtenbrot, B., & Capellupo, D. M. 2018, Nat. Astron., 2, 63
Metzroth, K. G., Onken, C. A., & Peterson, B. M. 2006, ApJ, 647, 901
Modzelewska, J., Czerny, B., Hryniewicz, K., et al. 2014, A&A, 570, A53
Müller, A. L., Naddaf, M.-H., Zajaček, M., et al. 2022, ApJ, 931, 39
Netzer, H. 2015, ARA&A, 53, 365
Osterbrock, D. E., & Mathews, W. G. 1986, ARA&A, 24, 171
Pancoast, A., Brewer, B. J., Treu, T., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 445, 3073
Panda, S., Martínez-Aldama, M. L., & Zajaček, M. 2019, Front. Astron. Space Sci., 6, 75
Parsa, M., Eckart, A., Shahzamanian, B., et al. 2017, ApJ, 845, 22
Pei, L., Fausnaugh, M. M., Barth, A. J., et al. 2017, ApJ, 837, 131
Peiker, F., Eckart, A., Zajaček, M., Ali, B., & Parsa, M. 2020 a, ApJ, 899, 50
Peiker, F., Hosseini, S. E., Zajaček, M., et al. 2020 b, A&A, 634, A35
Penton, A., Malik, U., Davis, T. M., et al. 2022, MNRAS, 509, 4008
Peterson, B. M. 1993, PASP, 105, 247
Peterson, B. M., Wanders, I., Horne, K., et al. 1998, PASP, 110, 660
Peterson, B. M., Ferrarese, L., Gilbert, K. M., et al. 2004, ApJ, 613, 682
Peterson, B. M., Bentz, M. C., Desroches, L.-B., et al. 2005, ApJ, 632, 799
Peterson, B. M., Bentz, M. C., Desroches, L.-B., et al. 2006, ApJ, 641, 638
Prince, R. 2019, ApJ, 871, 101
Robertson, D. R. S., Gallo, L. C., Zoghbi, A., & Fabian, A. C. 2015, MNRAS, 453, 3455
Schmidt, M. 1963, Nature, 197, 1040
Seyfert, C. K. 1943, ApJ, 97, 28
Shen, Y., Richards, G. T., Strauss, M. A., et al. 2011, ApJS, 194, 45
Shen, Y., Horne, K., Grier, C. J., et al. 2016, ApJ, 818, 30
Shen, Y., Grier, C. J., Horne, K., et al. 2019, ApJ, 883, L14
Stone, Z., Shen, Y., Burke, C. J., et al. 2022, MNRAS, 514, 164
Sulentic, J. W., Marziani, P., & Dultzin-Hacyan, D. 2000, ARA&A, 38, 521
Sun, M., Grier, C. J., & Peterson, B. M. 2018, Astrophysics Source Code Library. [record ascl:1805.032]
Urry, C. M., & Padovani, P. 1995, PASP, 107, 803
Vaughan, S., Edelson, R., Warwick, R. S., & Uttley, P. 2003, MNRAS, 345, 1271
Vivian, U., Barth, A. J., Vogler, H. A., et al. 2022, ApJ, 925, 52
Wandel, A., Peterson, B. M., & Malkan, M. A. 1999, ApJ, 526, 579
Watson, D., Denney, K. D., Vestergaard, M., & Davis, T. M. 2011, ApJ, 740, L49
Woltjer, L. 1959, ApJ, 130, 38
Xiao, M., Du, P., Lu, K.-K., et al. 2018, ApJ, 865, L8
Yu, Z., Martini, P., Penton, A., et al. 2021, MNRAS, 507, 3771
Zajaček, M., Czerny, B., Martinez-Aldama, M. L., et al. 2020, ApJ, 896, 146
Zajaček, M., Czerny, B., Martinez-Aldama, M. L., et al. 2021, ApJ, 912, 10
Zhang, Z.-X., Du, P., Smith, P. S., et al. 2019, ApJ, 876, 49
Zu, Y., Kochanek, C. S., & Peterson, B. M. 2011, ApJ, 735, 80
Zu, Y., Kochanek, C. S., Kozłowski, S., & Udalski, A. 2013, ApJ, 765, 106