BLR Size in Realistic FRADO Model: The Role of Shielding Effect

[en] The effective size of broad line region (BLR), so-called the BLR radius, in galaxies with active galactic nuclei (AGN) scales with the source luminosity. Therefore, by determining this location either observationally through reverberation mapping or theoretically, one can use AGNs as an interesting laboratory to test cosmological models. In this article we focus on the theoretical side of BLR based on the Failed Radiatively Accelerated Dusty Outflow (FRADO) model. By simulating the dynamics of matter in BLR through a realistic model of radiation of accretion disk (AD) including the shielding effect, as well as incorporating the proper values of dust opacities, we investigate how the radial extension and geometrical height of the BLR depends on the Eddington ratio [and blackhole mass], and modeling of shielding effect. We show that assuming a range of Eddington ratios and shielding we are able to explain the time-delays in a sample of reverberation-measured AGNs.

Disciplines :

Space science, astronomy & astrophysics

Author, co-author :

Naddaf Moghaddam, Mohammad Hassan ; Center for Theoretical Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland ; Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

Czerny, Bożena; Center for Theoretical Physics, Warsaw, Poland

Szczerba, Ryszard; Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Torun, Poland

Language :

English

Title :

BLR Size in Realistic FRADO Model: The Role of Shielding Effect

Publication date :

28 April 2020

Journal title :

Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences

eISSN :

2296-987X

Publisher :

Frontiers Media S.A.

Volume :

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Additional URL :

https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fspas.2020.00015/full

Funders :

NCN - Narodowe Centrum Nauki

Funding text :

The project was partially supported by National Science Centre, Poland, grant No. 2017/26/A/ST9/00756 (Maestro 9), and by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) grant DIR/WK/2018/12.

Commentary :

12 pages, 3 figures, Published in Journal of Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences

Available on ORBi :

since 12 January 2025

Statistics

Number of views

6 (3 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

3 (1 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Baskin A. Laor A. (2018). Dust inflated accretion disc as the origin of the broad line region in active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 474, 1970–1994. 10.1093/mnras/stx2850
Begelman M. C. McKee C. F. Shields G. A. (1983). Compton heated winds and coronae above accretion disks. I. Dynamics. Astrophys. J. 271, 70–88. 10.1086/161178
Bentz M. C. Denney K. D. Grier C. J. Barth A. J. Peterson B. M. Vestergaard M. et al. (2013). The low-luminosity end of the radius-luminosity relationship for active galactic nuclei. Astrophys. J. 767:149. 10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/149
Bentz M. C. Walsh J. L. Barth A. J. Baliber N. Bennert V. N. Canalizo G. et al. (2009). The lick AGN monitoring project: broad-line region radii and black hole masses from reverberation mapping of Hβ. Astrophys. J. 705, 199–217. 10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/199
Blandford R. D. Begelman M. C. (1999). On the fate of gas accreting at a low rate on to a black hole. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 303, L1–L5. 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02358.x
Blandford R. D. Payne D. G. (1982). Hydromagnetic flows from accretion disks and the production of radio jets. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 199, 883–903. 10.1093/mnras/199.4.883
Collin S. Zahn J.-P. (1999). Star formation and evolution in accretion disks around massive black holes. Astron. Astrophys. 344, 433–449. 10.1007/978-94-011-4213-7_107
Collin S. Zahn J. P. (2008). Star formation in accretion discs: from the Galactic center to active galactic nuclei. Astron. Astrophys. 477, 419–435. 10.1051/0004-6361:20078191
Czerny B. Du P. Wang J.-M. Karas V. (2016). A test of the formation mechanism of the broad line region in active galactic nuclei. Astrophys. J. 832:15. 10.3847/0004-637X/832/1/15
Czerny B. Hryniewicz K. (2011). The origin of the broad line region in active galactic nuclei. Astron. Astrophys. 525:L8. 10.1051/0004-6361/201016025
Czerny B. Li J. Loska Z. Szczerba R. (2004). Extinction due to amorphous carbon grains in red quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 348, L54–L57. 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07590.x
Czerny B. Li Y.-R. Hryniewicz K. Panda S. Wildy C. Sniegowska M. et al. (2017). Failed radiatively accelerated dusty outflow model of the broad line region in active galactic nuclei. I. Analytical solution. Astrophys. J. 846:154. 10.3847/1538-4357/aa8810
Czerny B. Modzelewska J. Petrogalli F. Pych W. Adhikari T. P. Życki P. T. et al. (2015). The dust origin of the broad line region and the model consequences for AGN unification scheme. Adv. Space Res. 55, 1806–1815. 10.1016/j.asr.2015.01.004
Czerny B. Nikołajuk M. Różańska A. Dumont A. M. Loska Z. Zycki P. T. (2003). Universal spectral shape of high accretion rate AGN. Astron. Astrophys. 412, 317–329. 10.1051/0004-6361:20031441
Czerny B. Olejak A. Rałowski M. Kozłowski S. Loli Martinez Aldama M. Zajacek M. et al. (2019). Time delay measurement of Mg II Line in CTS C30.10 with SALT. Astrophys. J. 880:46. 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2913
Czerny M. King A. R. (1989). Accretion disc winds and coronae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 236, 843–850. 10.1093/mnras/236.4.843
Dong X. Wang T. Wang J. Yuan W. Zhou H. Dai H. et al. (2008). Broad-line Balmer decrements in blue active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 383, 581–592. 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12560.x
Du P. Hu C. Lu K.-X. Huang Y.-K. Cheng C. Qiu J. et al. (2015). Supermassive black holes with high accretion rates in active galactic nuclei. IV. Hβ time lags and implications for super-Eddington accretion. Astrophys. J. 806:22. 10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/22
Du P. Lu K.-X. Zhang Z.-X. Huang Y.-K. Wang K. Hu C. et al. (2016). Supermassive black holes with high accretion rates in active galactic nuclei. V. A new size-luminosity scaling relation for the broad-line region. Astrophys. J. 825:126. 10.3847/0004-637X/825/2/126
Du P. Zhang Z.-X. Wang K. Huang Y.-K. Zhang Y. Lu K.-X. et al. (2018). Supermassive black holes with high accretion rates in active galactic nuclei. IX. 10 new observations of reverberation mapping and shortened Hβ lags. Astrophys. J. 856:6. 10.3847/1538-4357/aaae6b
Elitzur M. Ho L. C. Trump J. R. (2014). Evolution of broad-line emission from active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 438, 3340–3351. 10.1093/mnras/stt2445
Emmering R. T. Blandford R. D. Shlosman I. (1992). Magnetic acceleration of broad emission-line clouds in active galactic nuclei. Astrophys. J. 385:460. 10.1086/170955
Grier C. J. Trump J. R. Shen Y. Horne K. Kinemuchi K. McGreer I. D. et al. (2017). The Sloan Digital Sky Survey reverberation mapping project: Hα and Hβ reverberation measurements from first-year spectroscopy and photometry. Astrophys. J. 851:21. 10.3847/1538-4357/aa98dc
Haas M. Chini R. Ramolla M. Pozo Nuñez F. Westhues C. Watermann R. et al. (2011). Photometric AGN reverberation mapping–an efficient tool for BLR sizes, black hole masses, and host-subtracted AGN luminosities. Astron. Astrophys. 535:A73. 10.1051/0004-6361/201117325
Hu C. Wang J.-M. Ho L. C. Chen Y.-M. Zhang H.-T. Bian W.-H. et al. (2008). A systematic analysis of Fe II emission in quasars: evidence for inflow to the central black hole. Astrophys. J. 687, 78–96. 10.1086/591838
Kaspi S. Smith P. S. Netzer H. Maoz D. Jannuzi B. T. Giveon U. (2000). Reverberation measurements for 17 quasars and the size-mass-luminosity relations in active galactic nuclei. Astrophys. J. 533, 631–649. 10.1086/308704
Lawrence A. Elvis M. (2010). Misaligned disks as obscurers in active galaxies. Astrophys. J. 714, 561–570. 10.1088/0004-637X/714/1/561
Martínez-Aldama M. L. Czerny B. Kawka D. Karas V. Panda S. Zajaček M. et al. (2019). Can reverberation-measured quasars be used for cosmology? Astrophys. J. 883:170. 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3728
Mathis J. S. Rumpl W. Nordsieck K. H. (1977). The size distribution of interstellar grains. Astrophys. J. 217, 425–433. 10.1086/155591
Murray N. Chiang J. Grossman S. A. Voit G. M. (1995). Accretion disk winds from active galactic nuclei. Astrophys. J. 451:498. 10.1086/176238
Naddaf M.-H. Czerny B. Szczerba R. (2019). R-L relation in realistic FRADO model. arXiv 1912.00278.
Netzer H. (2015). Revisiting the unified model of active galactic nuclei. Astron. Astrophys. 53, 365–408. 10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122302
Netzer H. Lutz D. Schweitzer M. Contursi A. Sturm E. Tacconi L. J. et al. (2007). Spitzer quasar and ULIRG evolution study (QUEST). II. The spectral energy distributions of palomar-green quasars. Astrophys. J. 666, 806–816. 10.1086/520716
Panda S. Czerny B. Adhikari T. P. Hryniewicz K. Wildy C. Kuraszkiewicz J. et al. (2018). Modeling of the quasar main sequence in the optical plane. Astrophys. J. 866:115. 10.3847/1538-4357/aae209
Panda S. Martínez-Aldama M. L. Zajaček M. (2019). Current and future applications of reverberation-mapped quasars in cosmology. Front. Astron. Space Sci. 6:75. 10.3389/fspas.2019.00075
Peterson B. M. Ferrarese L. Gilbert K. M. Kaspi S. Malkan M. A. Maoz D. et al. (2004). Central masses and broad-line region sizes of active galactic nuclei. II. A homogeneous analysis of a large reverberation-mapping database. Astrophys. J. 613, 682–699. 10.1086/423269
Peterson B. M. Wanders I. Horne K. Collier S. Alexander T. Kaspi S. et al. (1998). On uncertainties in cross-correlation lags and the reality of wavelength-dependent continuum lags in active galactic nuclei. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 110, 660–670. 10.1086/316177
Proga D. (2007). Dynamics of accretion flows irradiated by a quasar. Astrophys. J. 661, 693–702. 10.1086/515389
Rakshit S. Woo J.-H. Gallo E. Hodges-Kluck E. Shin J. Jeon Y. et al. (2019). The Seoul National University AGN monitoring project. II. BLR size and black hole mass of two AGNs. Astrophys. J. 886:93. 10.3847/1538-4357/ab49fd
Risaliti G. Elvis M. (2010). A non-hydrodynamical model for acceleration of line-driven winds in active galactic nuclei. Astron. Astrophys. 516:A89. 10.1051/0004-6361/200912579
Różańska A. Czerny B. Życki P. T. Pojmański G. (1999). Vertical structure of accretion discs with hot coronae in active galactic nuclei. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 305, 481–491. 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02425.x
Röllig M. Szczerba R. Ossenkopf V. Glück C. (2013). Full SED fitting with the KOSMA-τ PDR code. I. Dust modelling. Astron. Astrophys. 549:A85. 10.1051/0004-6361/201118190
Shakura N. I. Sunyaev R. A. (1973). Black holes in binary systems. Observational appearance. Astron. Astrophys. 500, 33–51. 10.1007/978-94-010-2585-0_13
Shangguan J. Ho L. C. Xie Y. (2018). On the gas content and efficiency of AGN feedback in low-redshift quasars. Astrophys. J. 854:158. 10.3847/1538-4357/aaa9be
Shen Y. Richards G. T. Strauss M. A. Hall P. B. Schneider D. P. Snedden S. et al. (2011). A catalog of quasar properties from Sloan Digital Sky survey data release 7. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 194:45. 10.1088/0067-0049/194/2/45
Szczerba R. Omont A. Volk K. Cox P. Kwok S. (1997). IRAS 22272+5435–a source with 30 and 21 μm features. Astron. Astrophys. 317, 859–870.
Wang J.-M. Du P. Baldwin J. A. Ge J.-Q. Hu C. Ferland G. J. (2012). Star formation in self-gravitating disks in active galactic nuclei. II. Episodic formation of broad-line regions. Astrophys. J. 746:137. 10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/137
Wang J.-M. Du P. Brotherton M. S. Hu C. Songsheng Y.-Y. Li Y.-R. et al. (2017). Tidally disrupted dusty clumps as the origin of broad emission lines in active galactic nuclei. Nat. Astron. 1, 775–783. 10.1038/s41550-017-0264-4
Wang J.-M. Ge J.-Q. Hu C. Baldwin J. A. Li Y.-R. Ferland G. J. et al. (2011). Star formation in self-gravitating disks in active galactic nuclei. I. Metallicity gradients in broad-line regions. Astrophys. J. 739:3. 10.1088/0004-637X/739/1/3
Watson D. Denney K. D. Vestergaard M. Davis T. M. (2011). A new cosmological distance measure using active galactic nuclei. Astrophys. J. 740:L49. 10.1088/2041-8205/740/2/L49
Witt H. J. Czerny B. Zycki P. T. (1997). Accretion discs with accreting coronae in active galactic nuclei–II. The nuclear wind. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 286, 848–864. 10.1093/mnras/286.4.848
Zajaček M. Czerny B. Martínez-Aldama M. L. Karas V. (2019). Reverberation mapping of distant quasars: time lag determination using different methods. Astron. Nachr. 340, 577–585. 10.1002/asna.201913659