Planets and satellites: composition; Stars: individual: HD 15337; Stars: individual: TIC 12089692; Stars: individual: TOI-402; Techniques: photometric; Techniques: radial velocities; Exo-planets; Planets and satellites: compositions; Star: individual: HD 15337; Star: individual: TIC 12089692; Star: individual: TOI-402; Stars: individual: proxima Centauri; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP
Abstract :
[en] Context. The HD 15337 (TIC 120896927, TOI-402) system was observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), revealing the presence of two short-period planets situated on opposite sides of the radius gap. This offers an excellent opportunity to study theories of formation and evolution, as well as to investigate internal composition and atmospheric evaporation. Aims. We aim to constrain the internal structure and composition of two short-period planets situated on opposite sides of the radius valley: HD 15337 b and c. We use new transit photometry and radial velocity data. Methods. We acquired 6 new transit visits with the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) and 32 new radial velocity measurements from the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) to improve the accuracy of the mass and radius estimates for both planets. We re-analysed the light curves from TESS sectors 3 and 4 and analysed new data from sector 30, correcting for long-term stellar activity. Subsequently, we performed a joint fit of the TESS and CHEOPS light curves, along with all available RV data from HARPS and the Planet Finder Spectrograph (PFS). Our model fit the planetary signals, stellar activity signal, and instrumental decorrelation model for the CHEOPS data simultaneously. The stellar activity was modelled using a Gaussian-process regression on both the RV and activity indicators. Finally, we employed a Bayesian retrieval code to determine the internal composition and structure of the planets. Results. We derived updated and highly precise parameters for the HD 15337 system. Our improved precision on the planetary parameters makes HD 15337 b one of the most precisely characterised rocky exoplanets, with radius and mass measurements achieving a precision better than 2% and 7%, respectively. We were able to improve the precision of the radius measurement of HD 15337 c to 3%. Our results imply that the composition of HD 15337 b is predominantly rocky, while HD 15337 c exhibits a gas envelope with a mass of at least 0.01 M⊕. Conclusions. Our results lay the groundwork for future studies, which can further unravel the atmospheric evolution of these exoplanets and offer new insights into their composition and formation history as well as the causes behind the radius gap.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Rosário, N.M. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Barros, S.C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Gandolfi, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Egger, J.A. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Serrano, L.M. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Osborn, H.P. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Beck, M. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Benz, W. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Florén, H.-G. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Guterman, P.; Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, France ; Division Technique, INSU, La Seyne-sur-Mer, France
Wilson, T.G. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Alibert, Y. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fossati, L. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Hooton, M.J. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Delrez, L. ; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Santos, N.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Bonfanti, A. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Salmon, Sébastien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Adibekyan, V. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Nigioni, A. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Venturini, J. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Alonso, R. ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Anglada, G. ; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Asquier, J.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Bárczy, T. ; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Barrado Navascues, D. ; Depto. de Astrofisica, Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
Barragán, O.; Sub-department of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Baumjohann, W. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Beck, T.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Billot, N. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Biondi, F. ; Max Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching bei München, Germany ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Bonfils, X. ; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Borsato, L. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Brandeker, A. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Broeg, C. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Cessa, V.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Charnoz, S. ; Université de Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
Collier Cameron, A. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Csizmadia, Sz. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cubillos, P.E.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese To, Italy
Davies, M.B. ; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M. ; Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, France
Deline, A.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Demory, B.-O. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Ehrenreich, D. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l'Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
Erikson, A.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Esposito, M. ; Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Tautenburg, Germany
Fortier, A. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fridlund, M. ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Güdel, M. ; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Helling, Ch.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Hoyer, S. ; Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, France
Isaak, K.G. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Kiss, L.L.; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
Lam, K.W.F. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J. ; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
Lecavelier Des Etangs, A. ; Institut d'astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lendl, M. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Luntzer, A.; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Magrin, D. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Maxted, P.F.L. ; Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Mordasini, C. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Nascimbeni, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, G. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Osborne, H.L.M.; European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, Germany ; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, United Kingdom
Ottensamer, R.; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Pagano, I. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E. ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Peter, G. ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piotto, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, D. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland
Ragazzoni, R. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, N.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, I. ; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Scandariato, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Ségransan, D. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, A.E. ; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Smith, A.M.S. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Szabó, Gy. M. ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Thomas, N.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Udry, S. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Van Eylen, V.; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, United Kingdom
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Villaver, E.; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
Walter, I. ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Walton, N.A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
SNF - Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung STFC - Science and Technology Facilities Council Fondazione CRT UKSA - UK Space Agency BELSPO - Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ERC - European Research Council AEI - Agencia Estatal de Investigación ERDF - European Regional Development Fund Generalitat de Catalunya FWF - Austrian Science Fund SNSA - Swedish National Space Agency EU - European Union CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales Région Île-de-France Schweizerische Nationalfonds Simons Foundation MTA - Magyar Tudományos Akadémia FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Funding text :
CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. This work was supported by FCT - Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds by these grants: UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962. PTDC, 2022.04416.PTDC. N.M.R. acknowledges support from FCT through grant DFA/BD/5472/2020. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. D.G. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \"Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\". J.A.Eg. and Y.Al. acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020-192038. LMS gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \"Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\". This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40-182901 and 51NF40-205606. T.Wi. and A.C.Ca. acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher. NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. S.G.S. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). V.A. is supported by FCT through national funds by the following grant: 2022.06962.PTDC (http://doi.org/ 10.54499/2022.06962.PTDC). RAl, DBa, EPa, and IRi acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \"A way of making Europe\" through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019- 107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \"Severo Ochoa\" award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \"Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu\" award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. X.B., S.C., D.G., A282, page members. L.Bo., V.Na., I.Pa., G.Pi., R.Ra., and G.Sc. acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. ABr was supported by the SNSA. This project was supported by the CNES. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES, grant agreement no. 724427). It has also been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). DE acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021-200726. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). SH gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the R\u00E9gion Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX- 29-01) of the programme Investissements d'Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. M.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2-194576. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/M001040/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. NAWacknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. AN and JV acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2-208945.CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. This work was supported by FCT \u2013 Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds by these grants: UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962. PTDC, 2022.04416.PTDC. N.M.R. acknowledges support from FCT through grant DFA/BD/5472/2020. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. D.G. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D. J.A.Eg. and Y.Al. acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. LMS gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. T.Wi. and A.C.Ca. acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher. NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. S.G.S. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). V.A. is supported by FCT through national funds by the following grant: 2022.06962.PTDC ( http://doi.org/10.54499/2022.06962.PTDC ). RAl, DBa, EPa, and IRi acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. X.B., S.C., D.G., M.F. and J.L. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS science team members. L.Bo., V.Na., I.Pa., G.Pi., R.Ra., and G.Sc. acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. ABr was supported by the SNSA. This project was supported by the CNES. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project F OUR A CES , grant agreement no. 724427). It has also been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). DE acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). SH gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d'Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. M.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/M001040/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. AN and JV acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945.
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