Planets and satellites: composition; Planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; Planets and satellites: individual: TOI-421; Atmospheric evolution; Interior structure; Planet and satellite: individual: TOI-421; Planetary system; Planets and satellites: compositions; Planets and satellites: individual; Radial velocity datum; Timing variations; Transit timing; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] Context. The TOI-421 planetary system contains two sub-Neptune-type planets (Pb ~ 5.2 days, Teqb ~ 900 K, and Pc ~ 16.1 days, Teq,c ~ 650 K) and is a prime target to study the formation and evolution of planets and their atmospheres. The inner planet is especially interesting as the existence of a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere at its orbital separation cannot be explained by current formation models without previous orbital migration. Aims. We aim to improve the system parameters to further use them to model the interior structure and simulate the atmospheric evolution of both planets, to finally gain insights into their formation and evolution. We also investigate the possibility of detecting transit timing variations (TTVs). Methods. We jointly analysed photometric data of three TESS sectors and six CHEOPS visits as well as 156 radial velocity data points to retrieve improved planetary parameters. We also searched for TTVs and modelled the interior structure of the planets. Finally, we simulated the evolution of the primordial H-He atmospheres of the planets using two different modelling frameworks. Results. We determine the planetary radii and masses of TOI-421 b and c to be Rb = 2.64 ± 0.08 R, Mb = 6.7 ± 0.6 M, Rc = 5.09 ± 0.07 R, and Mc = 14.1 ± 1.4 M. Using these results we retrieved average planetary densities of ρb = 0.37 ± 0.05ρ and ρc = 0.107 ± 0.012 ρ. We do not detect any statistically significant TTV signals. Assuming the presence of a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, the interior structure modelling results in both planets having extensive envelopes. While the modelling of the atmospheric evolution predicts for TOI-421 b to have lost any primordial atmosphere that it could have accreted at its current orbital position, TOI-421 c could have started out with an initial atmospheric mass fraction somewhere between 10 and 35%. Conclusions. We conclude that the low observed mean density of TOI-421 b can only be explained by either a bias in the measured planetary parameters (e.g. driven by high-altitude clouds) and/or in the context of orbital migration. We also find that the results of atmospheric evolution models are strongly dependent on the employed planetary structure model.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Krenn, A.F. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Kubyshkina, D. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fossati, L. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Egger, J.A. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Bonfanti, A. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Deline, A.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ehrenreich, D. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l'Univers, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
Beck, M. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Benz, W. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Centre for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Cabrera, J. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Wilson, T.G. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, Supa School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Leleu, A. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias Do Espaco, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal
Adibekyan, V. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias Do Espaco, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal
Correia, A.C.M. ; CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Alibert, Y. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Centre for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Delrez, L. ; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Lendl, M. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Patel, J.A.; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
Venturini, J. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Alonso, R. ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de la Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Anglada, G. ; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, Csic, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Asquier, J.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Bárczy, T. ; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Barrado Navascues, D. ; Depto. de Astrofisica, Centro de Astrobiologia, Csic, Inta, Madrid, Spain
Barros, S.C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias Do Espaco, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Baumjohann, W. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Beck, T.; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Billot, N. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Bonfils, X. ; Université Grenoble Alpes, Cnrs, Ipag, Grenoble, France
Borsato, L. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Brandeker, A. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
Broeg, C. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Centre for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Charnoz, S. ; Université de Paris Cité, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
Collier Cameron, A. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, Supa School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Csizmadia, Sz. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cubillos, P.E.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese To, Italy
Davies, M.B. ; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M. ; Aix Marseille Univ, Cnrs, Cnes, Lam, Marseille, France
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias Do Espaco, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, B.-O. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Centre for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Erikson, A.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Fortier, A. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Centre for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fridlund, M. ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Gandolfi, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università Degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Güdel, M. ; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Hasiba, J.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Heitzmann, A. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Helling, C.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Hoyer, S. ; Aix Marseille Univ, Cnrs, Cnes, Lam, Marseille, France
Isaak, K.G. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Kiss, L.L.; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; Elte Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
Lam, K.W.F. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J. ; Imcce, UMR8028, Cnrs, Observatoire de Paris, Psl Univ, Sorbonne Univ, Paris, France
Lecavelier Des Etangs, A. ; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095, Cnrs, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lovis, C. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Magrin, D. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Maxted, P.F.L. ; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Mordasini, C. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Centre for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Nascimbeni, V. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, G. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
Ottensamer, R.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E. ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de la Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Peter, G. ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piotto, G. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, D. ; Eth Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ragazzoni, R. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, N.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, I. ; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, Csic, Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Rieder, M.; Centre for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Santos, N.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias Do Espaco, Universidade Do Porto, Caup, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, G. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Ségransan, D. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, A.E. ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Smith, A.M.S. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Steller, M. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Szabó, Gy. M. ; Elte Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; MTA-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Thomas, N.; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Udry, S. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ulmer, B.; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Villaver, E. ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de la Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Viotto, V. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Walton, N.A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Zingales, T. ; Inaf, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
SNSF - Swiss National Science Foundation STFC - Science and Technology Facilities Council UKSA - UK Space Agency BELSPO - Belgian Federal Science Policy Office F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology NRDI - Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office MTA - Hungarian Academy of Sciences ERC - European Research Council AEI - Agencia Estatal de Investigación ERDF - European Regional Development Fund IAC - Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias CSIC - Institut de Ciències de l'Espai Generalitat de Catalunya INAF - Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica SNSA - Swedish National Space Agency CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales ERDF - European Regional Development Fund Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation EU - European Union CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Région Île-de-France Simons Foundation UKSA - UK Space Agency MICINN - Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion
Funding text :
CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. Based on observations made with the ESO-3.6m telescope at La Silla Observatory under programs ID 1102.C-0923, 0103.C-0874, 0103.C-0759, 0103.C-0442, and 60.A-970. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES. grant agreement no. 724427). It has also been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). DE acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. TWi and ACCa acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. RAl, DBa, EPa, and IRi acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar a de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. X.B., S.C., D.G., M.F. and J.L. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS science team members. LBo, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, and GSc acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. ABr was supported by the SNSA. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. This work was supported by FCT - Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizac\u00E3o by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113, PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953, PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987, O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. V.A. was supported by FCT through national funds by the following grant: 2022.06962.PTDC. A.C.M.C. acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. M.F. and C.M.P. gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u2018Gaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u2019. M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). S.H. gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10--01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/M001040/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. S.G.S. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. N.A.W. acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. This research has made use of the Spanish Virtual Observatory ( https://svo.cab.inta-csic.es ) project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ through grant PID2020-112949GB-I00. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945.CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. Based on observations made with the ESO-3.6m telescope at La Silla Observatory under programs ID 1102.C-0923, 0103.C-0874, 0103.C-0759, 0103.C-0442, and 60.A-970. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES. grant agreement no. 724427). It has also been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). DE acknowledges financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. TWi and ACCa acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant numbers ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/R003203/1. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. RAl, DBa, EPa, and IRi acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar a de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. X.B., S.C., D.G., M.F. and J.L. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS science team members. LBo, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, and GSc acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. ABr was supported by the SNSA. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. This work was supported by FCT - Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizac\u00E3o by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113, PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953, PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987, O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. V.A. was supported by FCT through national funds by the following grant: 2022.06962.PTDC. A.C.M.C. acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. M.F. and C.M.P. gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u2018Gaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u2019. M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). S.H. gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10 - 01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/M001040/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. S.G.S. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. N.A.W. acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. This research has made use of the Spanish Virtual Observatory (https://svo.cab.inta-csic.es) project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ through grant PID2020-112949GB-I00. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945.
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