Photo-dynamical characterisation of the TOI-178 resonant chain: Exploring the robustness of transit-timing variations and radial velocity mass characterisations
Methods: data analysis; Planets and satellites: detection; Planets and satellites: gaseous planets; Techniques: photometric; Techniques: radial velocities; Mass determination; Methods. Data analysis; Planet and satellite: gaseous planet; Planets and satellites; Planets and satellites: detections; Radial velocity; Timing variations; Transit timing; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] Context. The TOI-178 system consists of a nearby, late-K-dwarf with six transiting planets in the super-Earth to mini-Neptune regime, with radii ranging from ∼1.1 to 2.9 R⊕ and orbital periods between 1.9 and 20.7 days. All the planets, but the innermost one, form a chain of Laplace resonances. The fine-tuning and fragility of such orbital configurations ensure that no significant scattering or collision event has taken place since the formation and migration of the planets in the protoplanetary disc, thereby providing important anchors for planet formation models. Aims. We aim to improve the characterisation of the architecture of this key system and, in particular, the masses and radii of its planets. In addition, since this system is one of the few resonant chains that can be characterised by both photometry and radial velocities, we propose to use it as a test bench for the robustness of the planetary mass determination with each technique. Methods. We performed a global analysis of all the available photometry from CHEOPS, TESS and NGTS, and radial velocity from ESPRESSO, using a photo-dynamical modelling of the light curve.We also tried different sets of priors on the masses and eccentricity, as well as different stellar activity models, to study their effects on the masses estimated by transit-timing variations (TTVs) and radial velocities (RVs). Results. We demonstrate how stellar activity prevents a robust mass estimation for the three outer planets using radial velocity data alone.We also show that our joint photo-dynamical and radial velocity analysis has resulted in a robust mass determination for planets c to g, with precision of ∼12% for the mass of planet c, and better than 10% for planets d to g. The new precisions on the radii range from 2 to 3%. The understanding of this synergy between photometric and radial velocity measurements will be valuable for the PLATO mission. We also show that TOI-178 is indeed currently locked in the resonant configuration, librating around an equilibrium of the chain.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Leleu, A. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Delisle, J.-B. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Delrez, L. ; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Bryant, E.M. ; Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, United Kingdom
Brandeker, A. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Osborn, H.P. ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Hara, N. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Wilson, T.G. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Billot, N. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Lendl, M. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ehrenreich, D. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l'Univers,, Faculte des sciences, Universite de Geneve, Geneve 4, Switzerland
Chakraborty, H. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Universite de Geneve,, Versoix, Switzerland
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Hooton, M.J. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Alibert, Y. ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Alonso, R. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Alves, D.R. ; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile,, Santiago, Chile
Anderson, D.R. ; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
Apergis, I. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Armstrong, D. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Bárczy, T. ; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Barrado Navascues, D. ; Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
Barros, S.C.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Battley, M.P. ; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Universite de Geneve,, Versoix, Switzerland
Baumjohann, W. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Bayliss, D. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Beck, T.; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Benz, W. ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Borsato, L. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Broeg, C. ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Burleigh, M.R. ; Centre for Exoplanet Research, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester,, Leicester, United Kingdom
Casewell, S.L. ; Centre for Exoplanet Research, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester,, Leicester, United Kingdom
Collier Cameron, A. ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Correia, A.C.M. ; CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Csizmadia, Sz. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR),, Berlin, Germany
Cubillos, P.E. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese To, Italy
Davies, M.B. ; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M. ; Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, CNES, LAM,, Marseille, France
Deline, A.; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Demangeon, O.D.S. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, B.-O. ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Derekas, A. ; ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary
Edwards, B.; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, Netherlands
Erikson, A.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR),, Berlin, Germany
Fortier, A. ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fossati, L. ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, M. ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Gandolfi, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Gazeas, K.; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Zografos, Greece
Gillen, E. ; Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Goad, M.R. ; Centre for Exoplanet Research, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester,, Leicester, United Kingdom
Güdel, M.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Hawthorn, F. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Heitzmann, A. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Helling, Ch.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Isaak, K.G. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Jenkins, J.S. ; Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias,, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile ; Centro de Astrofísica y Tecnologías Afines (CATA), Santiago, Chile
Jenkins, J.M. ; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, United States
Kendall, A. ; Centre for Exoplanet Research, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester,, Leicester, United Kingdom
Kiss, L.L. ; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics,, Budapest, Hungary
Korth, J. ; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Lam, K.W.F. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR),, Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J. ; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ.,, Paris, France
Latham, D.W. ; Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, Cambridge, United States
Lecavelier Des Etangs, A. ; Institut D'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS,, Universite Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Magrin, D. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Maxted, P.F.L. ; Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Mccormac, J. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Mordasini, C. ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Moyano, M. ; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
Nascimbeni, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, G. ; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Osborn, A. ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, United Kingdom
Ottensamer, R.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E. ; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Peter, G. ; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Piotto, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica E Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Universita degli Studi di Padova,, Padova, Italy
Pollacco, D.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, D. ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland
Ragazzoni, R. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica E Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Universita degli Studi di Padova,, Padova, Italy
Rando, N.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR),, Berlin, Germany ; Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, I. ; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Ricker, G.; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Saha, S. ; Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias,, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
Santos, N.C. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, G. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Seager, S. ; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States ; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, Cambridge, United States
Ségransan, D. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, A.E. ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Smith, A.M.S. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR),, Berlin, Germany
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Sulis, S. ; Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, CNES, LAM,, Marseille, France
Szabó, Gy. M. ; ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Udry, S. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ulmer-Moll, S. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Vanderspek, R.; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
Venturini, J. ; Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Villaver, E.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Vinés, J.I. ; Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
Walton, N.A. ; Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
West, R.G. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Wheatley, P.J. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Winn, J. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
Zivave, T. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Photo-dynamical characterisation of the TOI-178 resonant chain: Exploring the robustness of transit-timing variations and radial velocity mass characterisations
CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive (https://cheops. unige.ch/archive_browser/). This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. A.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number TMSGI2_211697. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Liege through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142531. The contributions at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory by E.M.B. have been supported by STFC through the consolidated grant ST/W001136/1. A.Br. was supported by the SNSA. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. T.Wi. acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. M.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. M.L. and H.C. acknowledge support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. M.N.G. is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. Y.Al. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \"A way of making Europe\"through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021- 125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \"Severo Ochoa\"award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (CEX2019- 000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \"Maria de Maeztu\"award to the Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. This research was funded in whole or in part by the UKRI, (Grants ST/X001121/1, EP/X027562/1).We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \"A way of making Europe\"through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GBC66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \"Severo Ochoa\"award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \"Maria de Maeztu\"award to the Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. The contributions from MPB were carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. L.Bo., G.Br., V.Na., I.Pa., G.Pi., R.Ra., G.Sc., V.Si., and T.Zi. acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement n. 2019-29-HH.0. C.B. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. A.C.C. acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. This work was supported by FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. M.F. and C.M.P. gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \"Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\". E.G. gratefully acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC. project reference ST/W001047/1). M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. F.H. is supported by an STFC studentship. C.He. acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCAITN- 2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. J.S.J. greatfully acknowledges support by FONDECYT grant 1201371 and from the ANID BASAL project FB210003. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile-de-France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10- EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d'Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). N.C.Sa. acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. A.S. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. Gy.M.Sz. acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lendulet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. N.A.W. acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. This work is based in part on data collected under the NGTS project at the ESO La Silla Paranal Observatory. The NGTS facility is operated by a consortium institutes with support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under projects ST/M001962/1, ST/S002642/1 and ST/W003163/1 A.C.M.C. acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. C.M. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 200021_204847 \"PlanetsInTime\".CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive ( https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/ ). This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. A.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number TMSGI2_211697. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142531. The contributions at the Mullard Space Science Laboratory by E.M.B. have been supported by STFC through the consolidated grant ST/W001136/1. A.Br. was supported by the SNSA. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. T.Wi. acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. M.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. M.L. and H.C. acknowledge support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. M.N.G. is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. Y.Al. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. This research was funded in whole or in part by the UKRI, (Grants ST/X001121/1, EP/X027562/1). We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. The contributions from MPB were carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. L.Bo., G.Br., V.Na., I.Pa., G.Pi., R.Ra., G.Sc., V.Si., and T.Zi. acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement n. 2019-29-HH.0. C.B. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. A.C.C. acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. This work was supported by FCT - Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COM-PETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O.D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. M.F. and C.M.P. gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant No. 2018.2323 \u201CGaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u201D. E.G. gratefully acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC. project reference ST/W001047/1). M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. F.H. is supported by an STFC studentship. C.He. acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. J.S.J. greatfully acknowledges support by FONDE-CYT grant 1201371 and from the ANID BASAL project FB210003. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the R\u00E9gion \u00CEle-de-France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). N.C.Sa. acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. A.S. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. Gy.M.Sz. acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lendulet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Research Associate. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. N.A.W. acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. This work is based in part on data collected under the NGTS project at the ESO La Silla Paranal Observatory. The NGTS facility is operated by a consortium institutes with support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under projects ST/M001962/1, ST/S002642/1 and ST/W003163/1 A.C.M.C. acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. C.M. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 200021_204847 \u201CPlanetsInTime\u201D.
