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Characterisation of the warm-Jupiter TOI-1130 system with CHEOPS and a photo-dynamical approach
Borsato, L.; Degen, D.; Leleu, A. et al.
2024 • In Astronomy and Astrophysics, 689, p. 52
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https://hdl.handle.net/2268/326550
DOI
10.1051/0004-6361/202450974
arXiV
2407.06097v1
 

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Keywords :
Methods: data analysis; Methods: observational; Planetary systems; Techniques: photometric; Telescopes; Dynamical approaches; Exo-planets; Gas giant; Jupiters; Methods. Data analysis; Methods:observational; Planetary system; Radial velocity; Transit velocities; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science; astro-ph.EP; astro-ph.SR
Abstract :
[en] Context. Among the thousands of exoplanets discovered to date, approximately a few hundred gas giants on short-period orbits are classified as 'lonely'and only a few are in a multi-planet system with a smaller companion on a close orbit. The processes that formed multi-planet systems hosting gas giants on close orbits are poorly understood, and only a few examples of this kind of system have been observed and well characterised. Aims. Within the contest of a multi-planet system hosting a gas giant on short orbits, we characterise the TOI-1130 system by measuring masses and orbital parameters. This is a two-transiting planet system with a Jupiter-like planet (c) on a 8.35 days orbit and a Neptune-like planet (b) on an inner (4.07 days) orbit. Both planets show strong anti-correlated transit timing variations (TTVs). Furthermore, radial velocity (RV) analysis showed an additional linear trend, a possible hint of a non-transiting candidate planet on a far outer orbit. Methods. Since 2019, extensive transit and radial velocity observations of the TOI-1130 have been acquired using TESS and various ground-based facilities. We present a new photo-dynamical analysis of all available transit and RV data, with the addition of new CHEOPS and ASTEP+ data, which achieve the best precision to date on the planetary radii and masses and on the timings of each transit. Results. We were able to model interior structure of planet b constraining the presence of a gaseous envelope of H/He, while it was not possible to assess the possible water content. Furthermore, we analysed the resonant state of the two transiting planets, and we found that they lie just outside the resonant region. This could be the result of the tidal evolution that the system underwent. We obtained both masses of the planets with a precision of less than 1.5%, and radii with a precision of about 1% and 3% for planet b and c, respectively.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Borsato, L. ;  INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Degen, D. ;  ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland
Leleu, A. ;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Hooton, M.J. ;  Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Egger, J.A. ;  Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Bekkelien, A. ;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Brandeker, A. ;  Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Cameron, A. Collier ;  Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Günther, M.N. ;  European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Nascimbeni, V. ;  INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Persson, C.M.;  Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala, Sweden
Bonfanti, A. ;  Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Wilson, T.G. ;  Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Correia, A.C.M. ;  CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Zingales, T. ;  INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Guillot, T. ;  Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Triaud, A.H.M.J. ;  Laboratoire Lagrange, UMR7293, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
Piotto, G. ;  INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Gandolfi, D. ;  School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Abe, L. ;  Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Alibert, Y. ;  Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Alonso, R. ;  Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Bárczy, T. ;  Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Navascues, D. Barrado ;  Depto. de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
Barros, S.C.C. ;  Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Baumjohann, W. ;  Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Beck, T.;  Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Bendjoya, P. ;  Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Benz, W. ;  Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Billot, N. ;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Broeg, C. ;  Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Busch, M.-D.;  University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Csizmadia, Sz. ;  Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cubillos, P.E.;  Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese To, Italy
Davies, M.B. ;  Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M. ;  Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Deline, A.;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Delrez, L. ;  Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Demangeon, O.D.S. ;  Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, B.-O. ;  Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Derekas, A.;  ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary
Edwards, B.;  SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, Netherlands
Ehrenreich, D. ;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l'Univers, Faculté des sciences, Université de Genève, Genève 4, Switzerland
Erikson, A.;  Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Fortier, A. ;  Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fossati, L. ;  Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Fridlund, M. ;  Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala, Sweden ; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
Gazeas, K.;  National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, University Campus, Athens, Greece
Gillon, Michaël  ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Güdel, M.;  Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Heitzmann, A. ;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Helling, Ch.;  Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Hoyer, S. ;  Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Isaak, K.G. ;  European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Kiss, L.L.;  Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
Korth, J. ;  Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Lam, K.W.F. ;  Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J. ;  IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
Des Etangs, A. Lecavelier ;  Institut d'astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lendl, M. ;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Magrin, D. ;  INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Marafatto, L. ;  INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Maxted, P.F.L. ;  Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Mecina, M. ;  Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Mékarnia, D. ;  Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Mordasini, C. ;  Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Mura, D. ;  Istituto di Scienze Polari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-ISP), Venezia-Mestre, Italy ; Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA), Rome, Italy
Olofsson, G. ;  Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Ottensamer, R.;  Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I. ;  INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E. ;  Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Peter, G. ;  Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Pollacco, D.;  Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, D. ;  ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Zurich, Switzerland ; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ragazzoni, R. ;  INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Rando, N.;  European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Ratti, F.;  European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H. ;  Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, I. ;  Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Salmon, Sébastien  ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie ; Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Santos, N.C. ;  Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scandariato, G. ;  INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Ségransan, D. ;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Simon, A.E. ;  Weltraumforschung und Planetologie, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Smith, A.M.S. ;  Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Sousa, S.G. ;  Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Stalport, Manu ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Suarez, O. ;  Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
Sulis, S. ;  Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Szabó, Gy. M. ;  ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Udry, S. ;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Van Grootel, Valérie  ;  Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Venturini, J. ;  Observatoire astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Villaver, E.;  Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Walton, N.A. ;  Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Wolter, D.;  Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
More authors (86 more) Less
Language :
English
Title :
Characterisation of the warm-Jupiter TOI-1130 system with CHEOPS and a photo-dynamical approach
Publication date :
September 2024
Journal title :
Astronomy and Astrophysics
ISSN :
0004-6361
eISSN :
1432-0746
Publisher :
EDP Sciences
Volume :
689
Pages :
A52
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Additional URL :
https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450974/pdf
Funding text :
CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive ( https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/ ). LBo, GBr, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, GSc, VSi, and TZi acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. AL acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number TMSGI2_211697. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. This work uses data obtained with the ASTEP+ telescope, at Concordia Station in Antarctica. ASTEP+ benefited from the support of the French and Italian polar agencies IPEV and PNRA in the framework of the Concordia station program, from OCA, INSU, Idex UCAJEDI (ANR-15-IDEX-01) and ESA through the Science Faculty of the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC). The Birmingham contribution to ASTEP+ is supported by the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant\u2019s agreement no. 803193/BEBOP), and from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grant no. ST/S00193X/1, and ST/W002582/1). ABr was supported by the SNSA. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. TZi acknowledges NVIDIA Academic Hardware Grant Program for the use of the Titan V GPU card and the Italian MUR Departments of Excellence grant 2023-2027 \u201CQuantum Frontiers\u201D. DG gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the grant for internationalization (GAND_GFI_23_01) provided by the University of Turin (Italy). YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u201CSevero Ochoa\u201D award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u201CMar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u201D award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. C.B. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li\u00E8ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142531. This work was supported by FCT \u2013 Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.-O. D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). SH gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. J.K. acknowledges the Swedish Research Council (VR: Etableringsbidrag 2017-04945), and the common acknowledgment A.C., A.D., B.E., K.G., and J.K. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. M.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. A.S. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. N.A.W. acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. A.H.M.J.T. acknowledges receiving funding from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grant n\u00B0 ST/S00193X/1). A.C.M.C. ackowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively.CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive (https:// cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/). LBo, GBr, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, GSc, VSi, and TZi acknowledge support from CHEOPS ASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. AL acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number TMSGI2_211697. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. This work uses data obtained with the ASTEP+ telescope, at Concordia Station in Antarctica. ASTEP+ benefited from the support of the French and Italian polar agencies IPEV and PNRA in the framework of the Concordia station program, from OCA, INSU, Idex UCAJEDI (ANR- 15-IDEX-01) and ESA through the Science Faculty of the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC). The Birmingham contribution to ASTEP+ is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant's agreement no. 803193/BEBOP), and from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grant no. ST/S00193X/1, and ST/W002582/1). ABr was supported by the SNSA. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant number ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant number ST/X002217/1. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University ofWarwick. TZi acknowledges NVIDIA Academic Hardware Grant Program for the use of the Titan V GPU card and the Italian MUR Departments of Excellence grant 2023-2027 \"Quantum Frontiers\". DG gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the grant for internationalization (GAND_GFI_23_01) provided by the University of Turin (Italy). YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \"A way of making Europe\" through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021- 125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \"Severo Ochoa\" award to the Instituto de Astrof sica de Canarias (CEX2019- 000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \"Mar a de Maeztu\" award to the Institut de Ci ncies de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \"A way of making Europe\" through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021- 125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \"Severo Ochoa\" award to the Instituto de Astrof sica de Canarias (CEX2019- 000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \"Mar a de Maeztu\" award to the Institut de Ci ncies de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. S.C.C.B. acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts nr. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. C.B. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. P.E.C. is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li ge through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. L.D. thanks the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142531. This work was supported by FCT - Funda o para a Ci ncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, 2022.06962.PTDC. O.D.S.D. is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B.- O. D. acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number MB22.00046. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). M.G. is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under Grant Agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). SH gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant 837319. KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. J.K. acknowledges the Swedish Research Council (VR: Etableringsbidrag 2017-04945), and the common acknowledgment A.C., A.D., B.E., K.G., and J.K. acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. K.W.F.L. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d'Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. M.L. acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant number PCEFP2_194576. P.M. acknowledges support from STFC research grant number ST/R000638/1. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI Queloz, grant number 327127). NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. A.S. acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. S.G.S. acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract nr. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract number 4000142255. GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a a PRODEX Experiment Agreement No. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. V.V.G. is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. N.A.W. acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. A.H.M.J.T. acknowledges receiving funding from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grant no ST/S00193X/1). A.C.M.C. ackowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively.
Commentary :
22 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication by Astronomy and Astrophysics
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