[en] SAXO+ is a planned enhancement of the existing SAXO, the VLT/SPHERE adaptive optics system, deployed on ESO's Very Large Telescope. This upgrade is designed to significantly e nhance t he i nstrument's c apacity to detect and analyze young Jupiter-like planets. The pivotal addition in SAXO+ is a second-stage adaptive optics system featuring a dedicated near-infrared pyramid wavefront sensor and a second deformable mirror. This secondary stage is strategically integrated to address any residual wavefront errors persisting after the initial correction performed by the current primary AO loop, SAXO. However, several recent studies clearly showed that in good conditions, even in the current system SAXO, non-common path aberrations (NCPAs) are the limiting factor of the final normalized intensity infocal plane, which is the final metric for ground-based high-contrast instruments. This is likely to be even more so the case with the new AO system, with which the AO residuals will be minimized. Several techniques have already been extensively tested on SPHERE in internal source and/or on-sky and will be presented in this paper. However, the use of a new type of sensor for the second stage, a pyramid wavefront sensor, will likely complicate the correction of these aberrations. Using an end-to-end AO simulation tool, we conducted simulations to gauge the effect of measured SPHERE NCPAs in the coronagraphic image on the second loop system and their correction using focal plane wavefront sensing systems. We finally analyzed how the chosen position of SAXO+ in the beam will impact the evolution of the NCPAs in the new instrument.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Mazoyer, Johan; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
Goulas, Charles; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
Vidal, Fabrice; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
Dinis, Isaac Bernardino; Départment d'Astronomie, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Milli, Julien; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
Tallon, Michel; Space Sciences, Technologies & Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Galicher, Raphaël; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
Absil, Olivier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Béchet, Clémentine; Space Sciences, Technologies & Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Boccaletti, Anthony; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
Ferreira, Florian; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
Langlois, Maud; Space Sciences, Technologies & Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Martinez, Patrice; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France
Mugnier, Laurent; DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, Châtillon, France
N'Diaye, Mamadou; Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France
Orban De Xivry, Gilles ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Potier, Axel; Division of Space and Planetary Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Tallon-Bosc, Isabelle; Space Sciences, Technologies & Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Vigan, Arthur; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
Beuzit, J.-L., Vigan, A., Mouillet, D., et al., “SPHERE: The exoplanet imager for the Very Large Telescope,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 631, A155 (Nov. 2019).
Macintosh, B., Graham, J. R., Ingraham, P., et al., “First light of the Gemini Planet Imager,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 12661-12666 (Sept. 2014).
Lozi, J., Guyon, O., Vievard, S., et al., “Status of the SCExAO instrument: Recent technology upgrades and path to a system-level demonstrator for PSI,” in [Proceedings of the SPIE], 11448, 110-121, SPIE (Dec. 2020).
Males, J. R., Close, L. M., et al., “MagAO-X: project status and first laboratory results,” in [Adaptive Optics Systems VI], Close, L. M., Schreiber, L., and Schmidt, D., eds., Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 10703, 1070309 (July 2018).
Vigan, A., Fontanive, C., Meyer, M., et al., “The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). III. The demographics of young giant exoplanets below 300 au with SPHERE,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 651, A72 (July 2021).
Lagrange, A. M., Philipot, F., Rubini, P., Meunier, N., Kiefer, F., Kervella, P., Delorme, P., and Beust, H., “Radial distribution of giant exoplanets at Solar System scales,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 677, A71 (Sept. 2023).
Langlois, M., Gratton, R., Lagrange, A. M., et al., “The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). II. Observations, data reduction and analysis, detection performances, and initial results,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 651, A71 (July 2021).
Fusco, T., Sauvage, J.-F., Petit, C., et al., “Final performance and lesson-learned of SAXO, the VLT-SPHERE extreme AO: From early design to on-sky results,” in [Proceedings of the SPIE], 9148, 91481U, International Society for Optics and Photonics (Aug. 2014).
Goulas, C., Vidal, F., Galicher, R., Mazoyer, J., Ferreira, F., Sevin, A., Boccaletti, A., Gendron, E., Béchet, C., Tallon, M., Langlois, M., Kulcsar, C., Raynaud, H. F., Galland, N., Schreiber, L., Chauvin, G., and Milli, J., “SAXO+ upgrade: second stage AO system end-to-end numerical simulations,” in [Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes 7th Edition], (June 2023).
Boccaletti, A., Chauvin, G., Wildi, F., et al., “Upgrading the high contrast imaging facility SPHERE: Science drivers and instrument choices,” in [Proceedings of the SPIE], 12184, 622-634 (Aug. 2022).
Kasper, M., Cerpa Urra, N., Pathak, P., Bonse, M., Nousiainen, J., Engler, B., Heritier, C. T., Kammerer, J., Leveratto, S., Rajani, C., Bristow, P., Le Louarn, M., Madec, P. Y., Ströbele, S., Verinaud, C., Glauser, A., Quanz, S. P., Helin, T., Keller, C., Snik, F., Boccaletti, A., Chauvin, G., Mouillet, D., Kulcsár, C., and Raynaud, H. F., “PCS ' A Roadmap for Exoearth Imaging with the ELT,” The Messenger 182, 38-43 (Mar. 2021).
Korkiakoski, V., Vérinaud, C., and Louarn, M. L., “Improving the performance of a pyramid wavefront sensor with modal sensitivity compensation,” Applied Optics 47, 79 (Jan. 2008).
Deo, V., Gendron, É., Rousset, G., Vidal, F., Sevin, A., Ferreira, F., Gratadour, D., and Buey, T., “A telescope-ready approach for modal compensation of pyramid wavefront sensor optical gain,” Astronomy & Astrophysics 629, A107 (Sept. 2019).
Esposito, S., Puglisi, A., Pinna, E., Agapito, G., Quirós-Pacheco, F., Véran, J. P., and Herriot, G., “On-sky correction of non-common path aberration with the pyramid wavefront sensor,” Astronomy & Astrophysics 636, A88 (Apr. 2020).
Mugnier, L. M., Blanc, A., and Idier, J., “Phase Diversity: A Technique for Wave-Front Sensing and for Diffraction-Limited Imaging,” in [Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics], Hawkes, P., ed., 141, 1-76, Elsevier (Jan. 2006).
Mazoyer, J., Potier, A., Laginja, I., and Galicher, R., “Asterix: Simulate your High-Contrast Instruments.” https://asterix-hci.readthedocs.io/ (2019).
Groff, T. D., Eldorado Riggs, A. J., Kern, B., and Jeremy Kasdin, N., “Methods and limitations of focal plane sensing, estimation, and control in high-contrast imaging,” Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 2, 011009 (Jan. 2016).
Galicher, R. and Mazoyer, J., “Imaging exoplanets with coronagraphic instruments,” Comptes Rendus Physique 24, 133 (Jan. 2024).
Sauvage, J.-F., Fusco, T., LeMignant, D., Petit, C., Sevin, A., Dohlen, K., Robert, C., and Mugnier, L., “SPHERE non-common path aberrations measurement and pre-compensation with optimized phase diversity processes: Experimental results,” in [Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes], 48 (Sept. 2011).
Paul, B., Sauvage, J.-F., Mugnier, L. M., Dohlen, K., Petit, C., Fusco, T., Mouillet, D., Beuzit, J.-L., and Ferrari, M., “Compensation of high-order quasi-static aberrations on SPHERE with the coronagraphic phase diversity COFFEE,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 572, A32 (Nov. 2014).
Sauvage, J.-F., Mugnier, L., Paul, B., and Villecroze, R., “Coronagraphic phase diversity: A simple focal plane sensor for high-contrast imaging,” Optics Letters 37, 4808-4810 (Dec. 2012).
Herscovici-Schiller, O., Sauvage, J.-F., Mugnier, L. M., Dohlen, K., and Vigan, A., “Coronagraphic phase diversity through residual turbulence: Performance study and experimental validation,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, 4307-4316 (Sept. 2019).
Paul, B., Sauvage, J.-F., and Mugnier, L. M., “Coronagraphic phase diversity: Performance study and laboratory demonstration,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 552, A48 (Apr. 2013).
Zernike, F., “Diffraction theory of the knife-edge test and its improved form, the phase-contrast method,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 94, 377-384 (Mar. 1934).
N'Diaye, M., Vigan, A., Dohlen, K., Sauvage, J.-F., Caillat, A., Costille, A., Girard, J. H. V., Beuzit, J.-L., Fusco, T., Blanchard, P., Le Merrer, J., Le Mignant, D., Madec, F., Moreaux, G., Mouillet, D., Puget, P., and Zins, G., “Calibration of quasi-static aberrations in exoplanet direct-imaging instruments with a Zernike phase-mask sensor. II. Concept validation with ZELDA on VLT/SPHERE,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 592, A79 (Aug. 2016).
Vigan, A., N'Diaye, M., Dohlen, K., Sauvage, J.-F., Milli, J., Zins, G., Petit, C., Wahhaj, Z., Cantalloube, F., Caillat, A., Costille, A., Le Merrer, J., Carlotti, A., Beuzit, J.-L., and Mouillet, D., “Calibration of quasi-static aberrations in exoplanet direct-imaging instruments with a Zernike phase-mask sensor. III. On-sky validation in VLT/SPHERE,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 629, A11 (Sept. 2019).
Guyon, O., “Limits of Adaptive Optics for High-Contrast Imaging,” The Astrophysical Journal 629, 592-614 (Aug. 2005).
Vigan, A., Dohlen, K., N'Diaye, M., Cantalloube, F., Girard, J. H., Milli, J., Sauvage, J.-F., Wahhaj, Z., Zins, G., Beuzit, J.-L., Caillat, A., Costille, A., Le Merrer, J., Mouillet, D., and Tourenq, S., “Calibration of quasi-static aberrations in exoplanet direct-imaging instruments with a Zernike phase-mask sensor. IV. Temporal stability of non-common path aberrations in VLT/SPHERE,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 660, A140 (Apr. 2022).
Bordé, P. J. and Traub, W. A., “High-Contrast Imaging from Space: Speckle Nulling in a Low-Aberration Regime,” The Astrophysical Journal 638, 488 (Feb. 2006).
Give'On, A., Belikov, R., Shaklan, S., and Kasdin, J., “Closed loop, DM diversity-based, wavefront correction algorithm for high contrast imaging systems,” Optics Express 15(19), 12338-12343 (2007).
Potier, A., Galicher, R., Baudoz, P., Huby, E., Milli, J., Wahhaj, Z., Boccaletti, A., Vigan, A., N'Diaye, M., and Sauvage, J.-F., “Increasing the raw contrast of VLT/SPHERE with the dark hole technique. I. Simulations and validation on the internal source,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 638, A117 (June 2020).
Potier, A., Mazoyer, J., Wahhaj, Z., Baudoz, P., Chauvin, G., Galicher, R., and Ruane, G., “Increasing the raw contrast of VLT/SPHERE with the dark hole technique. II. On-sky wavefront correction and coherent differential imaging,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 665, A136 (Sept. 2022).
Mazoyer, J., Baudoz, P., Galicher, R., Mas, M., and Rousset, G., “Estimation and correction of wavefront aberrations using the self-coherent camera: Laboratory results,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 557, 9 (Sept. 2013).
Singh, G., Galicher, R., Baudoz, P., Dupuis, O., Ortiz, M., Potier, A., Thijs, S., and Huby, E., “Active minimization of non-common path aberrations in long-exposure imaging of exoplanetary systems,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 631, A106 (Nov. 2019).
Milli, J., Banas, T., Mouillet, D., Mawet, D., Girard, J. H., Vigan, A., Boccaletti, A., Kasper, M., Wahhaj, Z., Lagrange, A. M., Beuzit, J.-L., Fusco, T., Sauvage, J.-F., and Galicher, R., “Speckle lifetime in XAO coronagraphic images: Temporal evolution of SPHERE coronagraphic images,” in [Proceedings of the SPIE], 9909, 99094Z-99094Z-18 (2016).
Stadler, E., Diolaiti, E., Schreiber, L., Cortecchia, F., Lombini, M., Loupias, M., Magnard, Y., Rosa, A. D., Malaguti, G., Maurel, D., Morgante, G., Rabou, P., Rochat, S., Schiavone, F., Terenzi, L., Vidal, F., Cantalloube, F., Gendron, E., Gratton, R., Milli, J., Mouillet, D., Chauvin, G., Wildi, F., Beuzit, J.-L., and Boccaletti, A., “SAXO+, a second-stage adaptive optics for SPHERE on VLT: Optical and mechanical design concept,” in [Proceedings of the SPIE], 12185, 1318-1328, SPIE (Aug. 2022).
Gratadour, D., Ferreira, F., Sevin, A., Doucet, N., Clénet, Y., Gendron, E., Lainé, M., Vidal, F., Brulé, J., Puech, M., Vérinaud, C., and Carlotti, A., “COMPASS: Status update and long term development plan,” in [Adaptive Optics Systems V], 9909, 2057-2063, SPIE (July 2016).
Béchet, C., Tallon, M., Thiébaut, E., Tallon-Bosc, I., Langlois, M., Loupias, M., Kulcsar, C., Raynaud, H. F., Galland, N., Dinis, I., Goulas, C., Vidal, F., Milli, J., Mazoyer, J., Galicher, R., Schreiber, L., Feldt, M., Boccaletti, A., Diolaiti, E., Chauvin, G., Wildi, F., and Gratton, R., “Inverse problem approach for SPHERE+ adaptive optics control,” in [Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes 7th Edition], (June 2023).
Galland, N., Raynaud, H. F., Kasper, M., Goulas, C., Béchet, C., Ferreira, F., Tallon, M., Vidal, F., Langlois, M., Boccaletti, A., Chauvin, G., Diolaiti, E., Gratton, R., Loupias, M., Milli, J., Wildi, F., and Kulcsar, C., “Disentangled cascade adaptive optics for the SPHERE instrument forthcoming upgrade,” in [Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes 7th Edition], (2023).
Goulas, C., Galicher, R., Vidal, F., Mazoyer, J., Ferreira, F., Sevin, A., Boccaletti, A., Gendron, E., Béchet, C., Tallon, M., Langlois, M., Kulcsár, C., Raynaud, H.-F., Galland, N., Schreiber, L., Dinis, I. B., Wildi, F., Chauvin, G., and Milli, J., “Numerical simulations for the saxo+ upgrade: Performance analysis of the adaptive optics system,” arXiv:2406.17644, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2024).
Cavarroc, C., Boccaletti, A., Baudoz, P., Fusco, T., and Rouan, D., “Fundamental limitations on Earth-like planet detection with extremely large telescopes,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 447, 397-403 (Feb. 2006).
Boccaletti, A., Abe, L., Baudrand, J., Daban, J.-B., Douet, R., Guerri, G., Robbe-Dubois, S., Bendjoya, P., Dohlen, K., and Mawet, D., “Prototyping coronagraphs for exoplanet characterization with SPHERE,” in [Proceedings of the SPIE], 7015, 70151B (July 2008).
N'Diaye, M., Pueyo, L., and Soummer, R., “Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Apertures. IV. Reduced Inner Working Angle and Increased Robustness to Low-order Aberrations,” The Astrophysical Journal 799, 225 (Feb. 2015).
N'Diaye, M., Soummer, R., Pueyo, L., Carlotti, A., Stark, C. C., and Perrin, M. D., “Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs for Arbitrary Apertures. V. Hybrid Shaped Pupil Designs for Imaging Earth-like planets with Future Space Observatories,” The Astrophysical Journal 818, 163 (Feb. 2016).
Astropy Collaboration and Astropy Project Contributors, “The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package,” The Astrophysical Journal 935, 167 (Aug. 2022).
Vigan, A. and N'Diaye, M., “pyZELDA: Python code for Zernike wavefront sensors.” Astrophysics Source Code Library, record ascl:1806.003 (June 2018).
