ephemerides; planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability; planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; planets and satellites: interiors; techniques: photometric; techniques: radial velocities; Disc stars; Ephemeride; Exo-planets; Planetary system; Planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stabilities; Planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; Planets and satellites: interiors; Techniques: photometric; Techniques: radial velocities; Thick discs; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Space and Planetary Science
Abstract :
[en] We present new observations from CHEOPS (CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite) and TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) to clarify the architecture of the planetary system hosted by the old Galactic thick disc star TOI-561. Our global analysis, which also includes previously published photometric and radial velocity data, incontrovertibly proves that TOI-561 is hosting at least four transiting planets with periods of 0.44 d (TOI-561 b), 10.8 d (TOI-561 c), 25.7 d (TOI-561 d), and 77.1 d (TOI-561 e) and a fifth non-transiting candidate, TOI-561f with a period of 433 d. The precise characterization of TOI-561's orbital architecture is interesting since old and metal-poor thick disc stars are less likely to host ultrashort-period super-Earths like TOI-561 b. The new period of planet -e is consistent with the value obtained using radial velocity alone and is now known to be 77.14399 ± 0.00025 d, thanks to the new CHEOPS and TESS transits. The new data allowed us to improve its radius (Rp = 2.517 ± 0.045 R⊕ from 5 per cent to 2 per cent precision) and mass(Mp = 12.4 ± 1.4 M?) estimates, implying a density of ρp = 0.778 ± 0.097 ρ⊕. Thanks to recent TESS observations and the focused CHEOPS visit of the transit of TOI-561 e, a good candidate for exomoon searches, the planet's period is finally constrained, allowing us to predict transit times through 2030 with 20-min accuracy. We present an updated version of the internal structure of the four transiting planets. We finally performed a detailed stability analysis, which confirmed the long-term stability of the outer planet TOI-561 f.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Piotto, G. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Zingales, T. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Borsato, L. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Egger, J.A.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Correia, A.C.M. ; CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Simon, A.E.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Florén, H.-G.; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Sousa, S.G. ; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Maxted, P.F.L. ; Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Nardiello, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Malavolta, L. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Wilson, T.G. ; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Alibert, Y.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Adibekyan, V.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
Bonfanti, A.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Luque, R. ; Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
Santos, N.C.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Hooton, M.J.; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Fossati, L.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Smith, A.M.S.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Salmon, Sébastien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie ; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Lacedelli, G.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain
Alonso, R.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Bárczy, T.; Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary
Barrado Navascues, D.; Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
Barros, S.C.C.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Baumjohann, W.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
Beck, T.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Benz, W.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Billot, N.; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Brandeker, A.; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Broeg, C.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Buder, M.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cameron, A. Collier ; Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Csizmadia, Sz ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Cubillos, P.E.; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese To, Italy
Davies, M.B.; Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Deleuil, M.; LAM, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CNES, Marseille, France
Deline, A.; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Demangeon, O.D.S.; Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal ; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Demory, B.-O.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Edwards, B.; SRON NetherlandsInstitute for Space Research, Leiden, Netherlands
Ehrenreich, D.; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland ; Centre Vie dans l'Univers, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
Erikson, A.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Fortier, A.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Fridlund, M.; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, Onsala, Sweden
Gandolfi, D. ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
Gazeas, K.; Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Güdel, M.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Günther, M.N. ; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Heitzmann, A.; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Helling, Ch; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Institute for Theoretical Physics and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
Isaak, K.G.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Kiss, L.L.; Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ; ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics, Budapest, Hungary
Korth, J.; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Lam, K.W.F. ; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Laskar, J.; IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
Lecavelier Des Etangs, A.; Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, France
Lendl, M. ; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Leonardi, P.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Trento, Italy
Magrin, D.; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Mantovan, G. ; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Mordasini, C.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Nascimbeni, V. ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Olofsson, G.; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
Ottensamer, R.; Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pagano, I.; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Pallé, E.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Peter, G.; Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
Ottensamer, R.; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
Pollacco, D.; Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Queloz, D.; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Ragazzoni, R.; Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy
Rando, N.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Ratti, F.; European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands
Rauer, H.; Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany ; Institut fuer Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ribas, I.; Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (ICE, CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain ; Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain
Scandariato, G.; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Ségransan, D.; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Sicilia, D.; INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Catania, Italy
Stalport, Manu ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Unités de recherche interfacultaires > Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR)
Sulis, S.; LAM, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CNES, Marseille, France
Szabó, Gy M.; ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szombathely, Hungary ; HUN-REN-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szombathely, Hungary
Udry, S.; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Ulmer-Moll, S.; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria ; Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Van Grootel, Valérie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophysique, géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique stellaire théorique et astérosismologie
Venturini, J.; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
Villaver, E.; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
Walton, N.A.; Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Winn, J.N.; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
Wolf, S.; Observatoire Astronomique, Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland
SNSF - Swiss National Science Foundation FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology INAF STFC - Science and Technology Facilities Council UKSA - UK Space Agency University of Warwick EU - European Union MICINN - Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion ERDF - European Regional Development Fund SNSA - Swedish National Space Agency FWF - Austrian Science Fund CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Simons Foundation NKFIH - Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal
Funding text :
CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive ( https://cheops.unige.ch/archive_browser/ ). LBo, GBr, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, GSc, VSi, and TZi acknowledge support from CHEOPSASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. TZi acknowledges NVIDIA Academic Hardware Grant Program for the use of the Titan V GPU card and the Italian MUR Departments of Excellence grant 2023\u20132027 \u2018Quantum Frontiers\u2019. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40_182901 and 51NF40_205606. ACMC acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. AC, AD, BE, KG, and JK acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. AS acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. SGS acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract no. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financial support in the framework of the PRODEX Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) under contract no.4000142255. PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant no. ST/R000638/1. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020_192038. NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. LMS gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under grant no. 2018.2323 \u2018Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u2019. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u2018A way of making Europe\u2019 through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u2018Severo Ochoa\u2019 award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u2018Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u2019 award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF \u2018A way of making Europe\u2019 through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence \u2018Severo Ochoa\u2019 award to the Instituto de Astrof\u00EDsica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence \u2018Mar\u00EDa de Maeztu\u2019 award to the Institut de Ci\u00E8ncies de l\u2019Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. SCCB acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts no. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. ABr was supported by the SNSA. CB acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant no. ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant no. ST/X002217/1. PEC is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. This work was supported by FCT \u2013 Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, and 2022.06962.PTDC. ODSD is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B-OD acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract no. MB22.00046. AC, AD, BE, KG, and JK acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021_200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40_205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under grant no. 2018.2323\u2018 \u2018Gaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds\u2019. MG is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and target selection of the GTO Programme. CHe acknowledges support from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under grant agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. KWFL was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d\u2019Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant no. PCEFP2_194576. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI: Queloz, grant no. 327127). GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Experiment agreement no. 4000137122, the Lend\u00FClet LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support of the city of Szombathely. VVG is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. JV acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. CHEOPS Program MR. Improve-CHESS ID: 0031.CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. CHEOPS data analysed in this article will be made available in the CHEOPS mission archive (https://cheops.unige.ch/archive browser/). LBo, GBr, VNa, IPa, GPi, RRa, GSc, VSi, and TZi acknowledge support from CHEOPSASI-INAF agreement no. 2019-29-HH.0. TZi acknowledges NVIDIA Academic Hardware Grant Program for the use of the Titan V GPU card and the Italian MUR Departments of Excellence grant 2023-2027 'Quantum Frontiers'. This work has been carried out within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grants 51NF40 182901 and 51NF40 205606. ACMC acknowledges support from the FCT, Portugal, through the CFisUC projects UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020, with DOI identifiers 10.54499/UIDB/04564/2020 and 10.54499/UIDP/04564/2020, respectively. AC, AD, BE, KG, and JK acknowledge their role as ESAappointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. AS acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. SGS acknowledge support from FCT through FCT contract no. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). The Portuguese team thanks the Portuguese Space Agency for the provision of financialsupport in the framework ofthe PRODEX Programme ofthe European Space Agency (ESA) under contract no.4000142255. PM acknowledges support from STFC research grant no. ST/R000638/1. TWi acknowledges support from the UKSA and the University of Warwick. YAl acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200020 192038. NCSa acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC, FIERCE, 101052347). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council. Neither the European Union northe granting authority can be held responsible for them. LMS gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under grant no. 2018.2323 'Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds'. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigacio\u0144 of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacio\u0144 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF 'A way of making Europe' through projects PID2019-107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OB-C31, and PID2021- 125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence 'Severo Ochoa' award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920- S), from the Centre of Excellence 'Ma\u0155ia de Maeztu' award to the Institut de Ciencies ` de l'Espai (CEX2020-001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. We acknowledge financialsupport from the Agencia Estatal de Investigacio\u0144 of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacio\u0144 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the ERDF 'A way of making Europe' through projects PID2019- 107061GB-C61, PID2019-107061GB-C66, PID2021-125627OBC31, and PID2021-125627OB-C32, from the Centre of Excellence 'Severo Ochoa' award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), from the Centre of Excellence 'Ma\u0155ia de Maeztu' award to the Institut de Ciencies ` de l'Espai (CEX2020- 001058-M), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. SCCB acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts no. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. ABr was supported by the SNSA. CB acknowledges support from the Swiss Space Office through the ESA PRODEX program. ACC acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant no. ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant no. ST/X002217/1. PEC is funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Erwin Schroedinger Fellowship, program J4595-N. This project was supported by the CNES. This work was supported by FCT - Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, and 2022.06962.PTDC. ODSD is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B-OD acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract no. MB22.00046. AC, AD, BE, KG, and JK acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS Science Team Members. This project has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation for project 200021 200726. It has also been carried out within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant 51NF40 205606. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the SNSF. MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financialsupportfrom theCRT foundation under grant no. 2018.2323' 'Gaseousor rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds'. MG is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MNG is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and Mission Representative, and as such also responsible for the Guest Observers (GO) Programme. MNG does not relay proprietary information between the GO and Guaranteed Time Observation (GTO) Programmes, and does not decide on the definition and targetselection of the GTO Programme. CHe acknowledgessupport from the European Union H2020-MSCA-ITN-2019 under grant agreement no. 860470 (CHAMELEON). KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme oftheCHEOPSmission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. KWFL was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants RA714/14-1 within the DFG Schwerpunkt SPP 1992, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d'Avenirsupervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. ML acknowledges support of the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant no. PCEFP2 194576. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI: Queloz, grant no. 327127). GyMSz acknowledges the support of the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grant K-125015, a PRODEX Experiment agreement no. 4000137122, the Lendulet \u00A8 LP2018-7/2021 grant of the Hungarian Academy of Science and the support ofthe city of Szombathely. VVG is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. JV acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2 208945. NAW acknowledges UKSA grant ST/R004838/1. CHEOPS Program MR. Improve-CHESS ID: 0031.
Alvarado-Montes J. A., Zuluaga J. I., Sucerquia M., 2017, MNRAS, 471, 3019
Bashi D., Zucker S., 2021, MNRAS, 510, 3449
Benz W. et al., 2021, Exp. Astron., 51, 109
Brinkman C. et al., 2022, AJ, 165, 88
Claret A., 2017, A&A, 600, A30
Claret A., 2021, Res. Notes Am. Astron. Soc., 5, 13
Correia A. C. M., Udry S., Mayor M., Laskar J., Naef D., Pepe F., Queloz D., Santos N. C., 2005, A&A, 440, 751
Correia A. C. M. et al., 2010, A&A, 511, A21
Cosentino R. et al., 2014, in Ramsay S. K., McLean I. S., Takami H.eds, Proc. SPIE Conf. Ser., Vol. 9147, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy V, Optical Engineering, p. 91478C
Domingos R. C., Winter O. C., Yokoyama T., 2006, MNRAS, 373, 1227
Egger J. A. et al., 2024, A&A, 688, A223
Ehrenreich D. et al., 2023, A&A, 671, A154
Espinoza N., Kossakowski D., Brahm R., 2019, MNRAS, 490, 2262
Fausnaugh M. M. et al., 2021, ApJ, 908, 51
Foreman-Mackey D., Hogg D. W., Lang D., Goodman J., 2013, PASP, 125, 306
Fortier A. et al., 2024, A&A, 687, A302
Haldemann J., Dorn C., Venturini J., Alibert Y., Benz W., 2024, A&A, 681, A96
Hippke M., David T. J., Mulders G. D., Heller R., 2019, AJ, 158, 143
Hoyer S., Guterman P., Demangeon O., Sousa S. G., Deleuil M., Meunier J. C., Benz W., 2020, A&A, 635, A24
Kipping D. M., 2013, MNRAS, 435, 2152
Lacedelli G. et al., 2021, MNRAS, 501, 4148
Lacedelli G. et al., 2022, MNRAS, 511, 4551
Laskar J., 1990, Icarus, 88, 266
Laskar J., 1993, Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom., 67, 257
Marcus R. A., Sasselov D., Hernquist L., Stewart S. T., 2010, ApJ, 712, L73
Maxted P. F. L. et al., 2021, MNRAS, 514, 77
Mosteller F., Tukey J. W., 1977, Data Analysis and Regression. A Second Course in Statistics, Addison-Wesley, University of Michigan
Nardiello D., 2020, MNRAS, 498, 5972
Nardiello D. et al., 2019, MNRAS, 490, 3806
Nardiello D. et al., 2020, MNRAS, 495, 4924
Nardiello D. et al., 2021, MNRAS, 505, 3767
Newville M., Stensitzki T., Allen D. B., Ingargiola A., 2014, LMFIT: NonLinear Least-Square Minimization and Curve-Fitting for Python. Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.11813
